Table 2 Association between the risk factors and postpartum hemorrhage in vaginal deliveries^a

Age in years

0.89

 ≤19

199 (19.3)

17 (20.7)

1.11 (0.63–1.95)

 20–34

754 (73.1)

58 (70.7)

Ref

 >34

78 (7.6)

7 (8.5)

1.17 (0.51–2.64)

Mean age (standard deviation)

24.5 (5.7)

24.4 (6.0)

0.93

Married

902 (87.5)

68 (82.9)

0.69 (0.38–1.27)

0.24

Grand multi-Parity

230 (22.3)

14 (17.1)

0.72 (0.40–1.30)

0.27

0.57 (0.31–1.08)

0.07

Past history of PPH

45 (4.4)

9 (11.0)

2.7 (1.27–5.74)

0.01

2.08 (0.89–4.85)

0.11

Gestational age at birth

0.82

0.84

 Preterm (<37 weeks)

170 (16.5)

12 (14.6)

0.89 (0.47–1.69)

0.85 (0.43–1.67)

 Term (37–41 weeks)

730 (70.8)

58 (70.7)

Reference

Reference

 Post term (>41 weeks)

131 (12.7)

12 (14.6)

1.15 (0.60–2.21)

1.08 (0.54–2.16)

Multiple pregnancy

6 (0.6)

4 (4.9)

8.76 (2.42–31.7)

0.001

7.66 (1.81–32.34)

0.01

Anaemia in pregnancy

0.58

0.84

 No anaemia

696 (67.5)

53 (64.6)

Reference

Reference

 Mild anaemia

225 (21.8)

17 (20.7)

1.06 (0.64–1.75)

0.97 (0.58–1.62)

 Moderate-severe anaemia

110 (10.7)

12 (14.6)

1.72 (0.65–4.57)

1.37 (0.47–3.98)

HIV positive

92 (8.9)

15 (18.3)

2.29 (1.25–4.16)

0.007

2.26 (1.20–4.25)

0.02

Macrosomia ≥4000 g

75 (7.3)

10 (12.2)

1.77 (0.88–3.57)

0.87

2.14 (1.02–4.47)

0.04

Uterotonic after birth

0.02

0.31

 None

25 (2.4)

6 (7.3)

4.12 (1.22–13.8)

2.80 (0.75–10.4)

 Oxytocin

903 (87.6)

70 (85.4)

Reference

Reference

 Misoprostol

103 (10)

6 (7.3)

1.32 (0.56–3.13)

1.36 (0.56–3.27)

Additional uterotonic

67 (6.5)

14 (17.1)

2.96 (1.58–5.54)

0.001

Labor induced/ augmented with oxytocin

37 (3.6)

1 (1.2)

0.33 (0.04–2.45)

0.28

Episiotomy/Perineal tear

131 (12.7)

13 (15.9)

1.29 (0.70–2.41)

0.42

1.44 (0.73–2.83)

0.29