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Table 4 Suggested revisions to specific questions

From: Exploring women’s interpretations of survey questions on pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes: cognitive interviews in Iganga Mayuge, Uganda

Original question (as it is in DHS VIII)

Suggested revision

202. Do you have any sons or daughters to whom you have given birth who are now living with you?

• Are you living with any of your sons or daughters whom you gave birth to yourself?

Probe: Include those who may temporarily be absent e.g. because they are at school, but who otherwise live with you

204. Do you have any sons or daughters to whom you have given birth who are alive but do not live with you?

• Are any of your biological sons or daughters alive but not living with you now?

210. Women sometimes have a pregnancy that does not result in a live birth. For example, a pregnancy can end in a miscarriage, an abortion, or the child can be born dead. Have you ever had a pregnancy that did not end in a live birth?

• Interviewer starts with definition of key terms (miscarriage and abortion; stillbirth here is already indicated as “born dead”) and then proceeds to question. Although this may lengthen the question, at least the data will be more accurate

• The question can then be broken into multiple parts with each having its own response category (yes/no), rather than lumping up various outcomes into one question

Women sometimes have a pregnancy that does not result in a live birth and I would like to find out from you:

• Have you ever had a miscarriage?

• Have you ever had an abortion?

• Have you ever given birth to a baby who had already died?

214. Now I would like to record all your pregnancies including live births, stillbirths, miscarriages, and abortions, starting with your first pregnancy

• Stillbirth should have already been defined well in question 210