Fig. 1
The anomalous sperm heads of various shapes in the patient spermatozoa. A Papanicolaou staining of patient sperms showed amorphous, pyriform, tapered, decapitated, small and round head (scale bars, 5 μm). B and C The distribution of deformed sperm heads in normal control and the infertile patient. Each rate was calculated by counting 100 sperms. D Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis of spermatozoa obtained from a control individual and the patient with the ZCWPW1 variant. The most of spermatozoa from the patient showed round, tapered, small, pyriform, decapitated and amorphous heads (scale bars, 5 μm)