Table 1 Characteristics of included studies and their assessment of exposure
No | Author | Country | Design | Sample | Exposure assessment | Response rate | Confounders adjusted |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Cheng, 2009 | USA | CS | 9048 women | 2 - 9Â months postpartum | 71% | Maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, Medicaid status and parity. |
2 | Eggleston, 2000 | Ecuador | CS | 3988 women | Women with a pregnancy in the 2Â years before the survey interviewed | 96.4% | Age, SES, residence, education, number of previous pregnancies |
3 | Bassani, 2009 | Brazil | CS | 611 women | Postpartum period | 100% | Age, income, education, skin color, parity, satisfaction with pregnancy |
4 | Magadi, 2000 | Kenya | CS | 6115 women | Five years prior to the survey | NR | Region/ethnicity, work status, SES, birth order, use of family planning |
5 | Marston, 2003 | 5 DHS countries | CS | 45,121 women (5 countries) | Five years prior to the survey | NR | Birth order, education, wealth, place of residence |
6 | Pagnini, 2000 | USA | CS | 91,585 women | Medical records of women | NR | Race, age, year, psychosocial and behavioral variables |
7 | Haghpeykar, 2005 | USA | CS | 300 women | Interviewed during pregnancy | 90% | Age, education, income, previous pregnancies, marital status |
8 | Rodrı’guez, 1997 | Spain | CS | 409 women | Women admitted for delivery | 100% | Social class, education, previous pregnancy, occupation |
9 | Raghupathy, 1997 | Thailand | CS | 2754 | Women with a birth in the 5Â years before the survey | NR | Education, age of mother, income, religion, birth order |
10 | Braveman, | USA | CS | 3071 women | Interviewed during delivery stays in Hospitals | NR | Income, age, education, birth order, race/ethnicity, medical coverage |
11 | Hulsey, 2000 | USA | Historical cohort | 1,989 women | Interview as part of cycle V of NSFG | NR | Age, ethnicity, parity, marital status, income, education, employment |
12 | Marsiglio, 1988 | USA | Prospective panel | 6,286 women | Interview annually from 1979 - 1988 | 95.7% | Age, race, residence, education |
13 | D’Angelo, 2004 | USA | CS | 25,027 women | Women interviewed for the 1998 PRAMS | NR | Age, marital status, education, race, parity, Medicaid coverage, |
14 | Waller, | USA | CS | 4,898 women | Women and their partners interviewed | 83% | Child sex, parental education, parent’s age, parental race/ethnicity, fertility history |
15 | Biratu, 2000 | Ethiopia | CS | 1,750 women | Women with a live birth in 12Â months before the survey date | 100% | Education, age, ethnicity, religion, parity, union type and husband approval |
16 | Joyce, 2000 | USA | CS | 4415 women | Late PNC | 91% | Child’s sex, mother’s education, region, residence, race/ethnicity |
17 | Gage, 1998 | Kenya & Nambia | CS | 6052 & 3877 | Women with a birth in the 5Â years before the survey | NR | Education, residence, distance to the nearest health facility , ethnicity |
18 | Hohmann-Marriott | New Zealand | CS | 5788 | Interview as 1st round of Longitudinal data | NR | Age, education, race/ethnicity, SES, parity and twin status |
19 | Tariku, 2010 | Ethiopia | CS | 630 women | Interview during prenatal care | 97.1% | Education, parity, means of confirming pregnancy, previous ANC |
20 | Orr, 2008 | USA | CS | 913 women | Interview after child birth | NR | Age, education, race/ethnicity, SES, parity |
21 | Mayor, 1997 | USA | Cohort | 2032 women | Questionnaire to women who delivered in a facility | 70% | Maternal age, education, parity, race, and insurance status |
22 | Sable , 1998 | USA | Case control | 2,828 women | 3Â months postpartum | 75% | Maternal age, race, education, Medicaid eligibility, marital status |
23 | Altfeld, 1998 | USA | Cohort | 380 women | Interview during pregnancy & Postpartum | 99% | Age, race, education, Medicaid, marital status |
24 | Barrick, 2008 | India | Cohort study | 3666 women | Interview before conception & after child birth | 81.1% | Age, parity, education, asset ownership, autonomy |
25 | Humbert, 2010 | USA | CS | 478 women | Interviewed during Postpartum Hospital visit | NR | Age, race, ethnicity, marital status, and parity |
26 | Weller, 1987 | USA | CS/OBS | 7,825 women | Women with a live birth in 1980 interviewed | NR | Maternal race residence, and education |
27 | Behailu, 2009 | Ethiopia | CS | 620 women | Women who had alive birth in the last year Interviewed | 96% | Age, education, residence, ethnicity, marital status |
28 | Martin, 2007 | USA | CS | 5404 women & partners | Interview with women and their partners | 76.1% | Maternal education, race/ethnicity, marital status, age at birth, household income, employment |
29 | Potter, 2009 | USA | prospective | 667 women | Interview with women in prenatal care | NR | Age, race, education, social support and perceived health status |
30 | Jeffery, 1997 | USA | CS | 2032 | Interview with women coming to delivery | NR | Education, marital status, race, parity |
31 | Abosie Z., 2009 | Ethiopia | CS | 691 | Women with birth in last 5Â years interviewed | 97.3% | Parity, number of pregnancies, experience of abortion, still birth , distance from health facility |
32 | Fenta M., 2005 | Ethiopia | CS | 642 | Women with births in the 12Â months before survey | 100% | Age, education, ethnicity, marital status, religion, family size |