Table 4 Multilevel analysis of factors associated with skilled care use among respondents, Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, September 2012-April 2013 (n = 3472)
Factors | Skilled care use | Crude OR(95%CI) | Adjusted OR(95%CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Skilled care (n = 1064) n(%) | Non skilled care (n = 2408) n(%) | Total (n = 3472) n(%) | |||
Leve-2 (communal) variables | |||||
Place of residence | |||||
Rural | 431 (16.5) | 2187 (83.5) | 2618 (100.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Urban | 633 (74.1) | 221 (25.9) | 854 (100.0) | 14.49 (12.05, 17.54) | 2.38 (1.74, 3.24) |
Distance from Health center (on foot) | |||||
≤ 2 hours | 917 (37.5) | 1531 (62.5) | 2448 (100.0) | 3.57 (2.95, 4.33) | 1.61 (1.12, 2.33) |
>2 hours | 147 (14.4) | 877 (85.6) | 1024 (100.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Distance from Hospital (on foot) | |||||
≤ 2 hours | 356 (73.7) | 127 (26.3) | 483 (100.0) | 9.03 (7.25, 11.25) | 1.36 (0.74, 2.51) |
>2 hours | 708 (23.7) | 2281 (76.3) | 2989 (100.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Leve-1 (individual level) variables-socio-demographic & economic | |||||
Age (in years) | |||||
<20 | 77 (44.3) | 97 (55.7) | 174 (100.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
20-29 | 740 (33.2) | 1487 (66.8) | 2227 (100.0) | 0.63 (0.46, 0.86) | 1.32 (0.85, 2.07) |
≥30 | 247 (23.1) | 824 (76.9) | 1071 (100.0) | 0.38 (0.27, 0.53) | 1.34 (0.80, 2.23) |
Ethnicity | |||||
Oromo | 775 (25.5) | 2266 (74.5) | 3041 (100.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Others | 289 (67.1) | 142 (32.9) | 431 (100.0) | 5.95 (4.79, 7.39) | 1.21 (0.80, 1.84) |
Religion | |||||
Muslim | 754 (24.9) | 2278 (75.1) | 3032 (100.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Others | 310 (70.5) | 130 (29.5) | 440 (100.0) | 7.20 (5.78, 8.98) | 1.33 (0.88, 2.04) |
Educational status | |||||
No Formal Education | 341 (18.1) | 1538 (81.9) | 1879 (100.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary (1-8) | 454 (35.7) | 818 (64.3) | 1272 (100.0) | 2.50 (2.12, 2.95) | 1.37 (1.10, 1.71) |
Secondary (9-12) | 208 (81.6) | 47 (18.4) | 255 (100.0) | 19.96 (14.24, 27.98) | 3.48 (2.22, 5.45) |
Tertiary (>12) | 61 (92.4) | 5 (7.6) | 66 (100.0) | 55.03 (24.94,137.97) | 3.97 (1.38, 11.46) |
Occupation | |||||
House wife | 928 (28.2) | 2361 (71.8) | 3289 (100.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Employed | 72 (88.9) | 9 (11.1) | 81 (100.0) | 20.35 (10.14, 40.87) | 0.84 (0.30, 2.31) |
Others | 64 (62.7) | 38 (37.3) | 102 (100.0) | 4.28 (2.85, 6.45) | 0.83 (0.48, 1.44) |
Occupation of Husband | |||||
Farmer | 371 (15.0) | 2102 (85.0) | 2473 (100.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Employed | 303 (81.2) | 70 (18.8) | 373 (100.0) | 24.39 (18.52, 32.26) | 3.26 (2.15, 4.94) |
Merchant | 267 (64.8) | 145 (35.2) | 412 (100.0) | 10.42 (8.26, 13.16) | 2.27 (1.60, 3.23) |
Others | 123 (57.5) | 91 (42.5) | 214 (100.0) | 7.63 (5.71, 10.31) | 1.50 (0.96, 2.32) |
Wealth Index | |||||
1st Quintile (lowest) | 148 (21.8) | 532 (78.2) | 680 (100.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2nd Quintile | 233 (33.0) | 472 (67.0) | 705 (100.0) | 1.77 (1.39, 2.56) | 1.20 (0.88, 1.64) |
3rd Quintile | 222 (32.0) | 472 (68.0) | 694 (100.0) | 1.69 (1.32, 2.16) | 1.73 (1.12, 1.84) |
4th Quintile | 217 (31.2) | 478 (68.8) | 695 (100.0) | 1.63 (1.28, 2.08) | 1.28 (1.11, 1.73) |
5th Quintile (highest) | 244 (35.0) | 454 (65.0) | 698 (100.0) | 1.93 (1.52, 2.46) | 1.09 (0.80, 1.48) |
Level-1 (Individual)-obstetric | |||||
Gravida (# of pregnancies) | |||||
Primi (1st) | 377 (51.3) | 358 (48.7) | 735 (100.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2-4 | 531 (28.9) | 1304 (71.1) | 1835 (100.0) | 0.39 (0.32, 0.46) | 0.41 (0.26, 0.66) |
>4 | 156 (17.3) | 746 (82.7) | 902 (100.0) | 0.20 (0.16, 0.25) | 0.45 (0.26, 0.76) |
Inter-birth interval | |||||
<24 Months | 43 (17.1) | 209 (82.9) | 252 (100.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
24-48 Months | 489 (22.5) | 1680 (77.5) | 2169 (100.0) | 1.42 (1.01, 1.99) | 1.27 (0.83, 1.95) |
>48 Months | 155 (49.1) | 161 (50.9) | 316 (100.0) | 4.68 (3.15, 6.95) | 2.18 (1.30, 3.63) |
Primi gravid | 377 (51.3) | 358 (48.7) | 735 (100.0) | N/A | N/A |
Knowledge of key danger signs during labor & delivery | |||||
Not know at least 1 key danger sign | 330 (24.2) | 1031 (75.8) | 1361 (100.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Know 1-2 key danger signs | 607 (33.7) | 1192 (66.3) | 1799 (100.0) | 1.59 (1.36, 1.86) | 1.09 (0.86, 1.39) |
Know 3-4 key danger signs | 127 (40.7) | 185 (59.3) | 312 (100.0) | 2.15 (1.66, 2.78) | 1.59 (1.05, 2.43) |
Knowledge of key danger signs of neonates | |||||
Not know at least 1 key danger sign | 414 (25.8) | 1189 (74.2) | 1603 (100.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Knows 1-2 key danger signs | 570 (33.9) | 1111 (66.1) | 1681 (100.0) | 1.47 (1.27, 1.71) | 1.07 (0.85, 1.35) |
Knows 3-4 key danger signs | 80 (42.6) | 108 (57.4) | 188 (100.0) | 2.13 (1.56, 2.90) | 1.19 (0.71, 1.98) |
No. of ANC Visit | |||||
Not at all | 110 (13.1) | 728 (86.9) | 838 (100.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1-3 times | 321 (22.8) | 1085 (77.2) | 1406 (100.0) | 1.96 (1.55, 2.48) | 1.63 (1.23, 2.18) |
≥4 times | 633 (51.5) | 595 (48.5) | 1228 (100.0) | 7.04 (5.60, 8.86) | 3.10 (2.31, 4.16) |
BP & CR practice | |||||
Not well prepared | 425 (18.7) | 1844 (81.3) | 2269 (100.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Well prepared | 639 (53.1) | 564 (46.9) | 1203 (100.0) | 4.92 (4.21, 5.74) | 1.32 (1.03, 1.68) |