Reviews (n=14) | Description of included interventions | Type of studies included (number) | Targeted health care providers | Outcome reported | Pooled data (Y/N) | Results | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  |  | Other outcomes | MNH specific outcomes |  |  |
Bordley 2000[22] | Audit and feedback was defined as any summary of clinical performance gathered over a defined period of time and presented to the health care provider after collection. | ITS: 6 RCT: 5 Pre-post: 4 | Health care professionals | Â | Immunization rate | No | 17% absolute decrease to 49% increase |
Grimshaw 2004[23] | Audit and feedback: any summary of clinical performance of healthcare over a specified period. | C-RCTs: 110 P-RCTs: 29 C-CCTs: 7 PCCT: 10 CBAs: 40 ITS: 39 | Health care professionals | Performance improvement | Â | No | Absolute improvement +7.0% (range +1.3 to +16.0%) (dichot process measures) |
Hulschur 2001[24] | Feedback: provision of a summary of clinical performance after the performance concerned, based on medical records, computerized data-bases or other sources of information. | 55 studies: RCTs:37 nRCTs:18 | Primary care professionals directly accessible to patients for all types of health problems in US | Preventive services | Â | No | Absolute increase of 3% to 26% |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.8 more visits |
Ivers 2012[35] | Audit and feedback defined as any summary of clinical performance over a specified period of time | RCT: 49 | Health care provider (excluding students) | Compliance |  | Yes | 4.3% absolute increase in healthcare professionals’compliance with desired practice (dichot) |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.3% absolute increase in healthcare professionals’compliance with desired practice (cont) |
Jamtvedt 2006[25] | Audit and feedback defined as any summary of clinical performance over a specified period of time | RCT: 118 | Health care provider (excluding students) | Compliance |  | No | median-adjusted risk difference was 5% (range 3–11) (dichot) |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  | median-adjusted percentage change relative to control was 16% (5–37) |
Jepson 2000[26] | Audit and feedback to physicians on their performance, and sometimes that of their peers | 05 studies: RCTs: 02 quasi-RCT:01 Controlled trials: 02 | All people eligible to participate in a screening programs as defined by the entry criteria for that programs, included population groups such as pregnant women, neonates, children and adults in US | Â | Screening Uptake | No | One trial: no effect on screening for occult blood |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  | One trial and one quasi: feedback more effective on some tests |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  | Two trials: increased uptake of mammograms (p<0.05) |
Johnston 2000[27] | Clinical and Medical Audit mechanisms | Total Studies: 93 | All health professionals, mostly in UK | Clinician's perceptions of benefits and disadvantages of audit. | Â | No | Narrative |
 |  |  |  | Barriers and facilitators of audits. |  |  |  |
Oxman 1995[28] | Audit and feedback: Any summary of clinical performance of health care over a specified period, with or without recommendations for clinical action. | Total: 31 | Health care provider (excluding students) in mixed country setting | Rate of prescription for generic drugs | Â | No | 40% increase in rate of prescription |
Pattinson 2005[29] | Any form of audit and feedback with any other clearly defined form of audit or feedback or control group | No studies | Maternity units | Time and costs | Perinatal and maternal mortality and morbidity rates | No | No studies found |
 |  |  |  | Conflicts |  |  |  |
Phillips 2010[30] | Clinical governance is a systematic and integrated approach for ensuring services is accountable for delivering quality health care. Clinical governance is delivered through a combination of strategies including: ensuring clinical competence, clinical audit, patient involvement, education and training, risk management, use of information, and staff management. | RCTs: 7, longitudinal observational: 11 Case study: 1 | Primary health care providers in HIC | Process measures | Â | No | Narrative |
 |  |  |  | Outcome measures |  |  |  |
Pyone 2012[31] | Not clearly defined | Total: 2 | Staff, obstetricians and community | Â | Maternal mortality and CFR | No | Narrative |
Scott 2009[32] | Clinical governance defined as Systematic coordination and promotion of activities that contribute to continuous improvement of quality of care: clinical audit; clinical risk management; patient/service user involvement; professional education and development; clinical effectiveness research and development; staff focus; use of information systems; and institutional clinical governance committees. Separate definition of audit and feedback not given. | Total: 118 | General Physicians, mostly in HIC | Compliance | Â | No | Median increase in compliance 5% (dichot) and 16% for continuous |
 |  |  |  | Patient health outcomes |  |  |  |
Veer 2010[33] | Medical registry defined as a systematic and continuous collection of a defined data set for patients with specific health characteristics. | Studies:53 | Health Care Professionals | Process measures | Â | No | 26 of 43 process measures were positively influenced |
 |  |  |  | Outcome measures |  |  | 5 of 36 outcome measures were positively influenced |
Wensing 1998[34] | Any interventions influencing the implementation of guidelines and adoption of innovations in general practice. Feedback not defined. | Total: 143 RCTs: 39, CBA: 22, nRCTs: 13 non randomized, uncontrolled trials: 67 | GPs in HIC | Guideline implementation and adoption of innovations | Â | No | Effective in 10 of 15 groups |