Reviews | Description of included interventions | Type of studies included (no) | Targeted health care providers | Outcome reported | Pooled data (Y/N) | Results | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  |  | Other outcomes | MNCH specific outcomes |  |  |
Butler 2011[53] | Interventions of staffing models, staffing levels, skill mix, grade mix, or qualification mix. | RCT: 08 CBA:5 CCT: 02 | Hospital nursing staff and hospital patients in HIC | In-hospital mortality | Â | Yes | 0.96 (0.59-1.56) |
 |  |  |  | Length of stay |  |  | 1.35 lower (1.92-0.78) |
 |  |  |  | Readmission |  |  | 1.15 (0.88-1.52) |
 |  |  |  | ED within 30 days |  |  | 1.14 (0.79-1.62) |
 |  |  |  | Post-discharge admission |  |  | 1.33 (0.93-1.91) |
 |  |  |  | ED visit or death |  |  | 1.03 (0.7 - 1.53) |
 |  |  |  | Post discharge adverse events Glycosylated hemoglobin |  |  | 0.5 lower (1.9 lower – 0.9 higher) |
 |  |  |  |  | Medical procedures in labor |  | Reduced (1/1) |
 |  |  |  |  | Length of stay |  | Reduced (1/1) |
Hodgekinsons 2011[65] | Interventions of interest included organizational interventions (e.g. team/modular nursing, primary nursing, hierarchical nursing, care pairs or partner-in-care models) or regulatory interventions (e.g. staff patient/resident ratios). | ITS: 01 CBA: 01 | Nurses and personal care attendants in HIC | • Incidence of pressure ulcers; |  | No | Two studies generally favour the use of primary care |
 |  |  |  | • Incidence of falls; |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | • Incidence of medication errors and adverse events; |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | • Validated quality of life measurements. |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | • Days/hours lost to sick leave; |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | • Days/hours lost to stress leave; |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | • Staff turnover rates (as a percentage of staff total); |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | • Staff burnout (as defined by the authors). |  |  |  |
Kane 2007[55] | Nursing staffing models | 7 case-control 3 case series 42 cross sectional 43 assessed temporality | Nurses in HIC | In hospital related mortality by increasing 1 RN FTE/patient day | Â | Yes | 0.92 (0.90-0.94) |
 |  |  |  | Failure to rescue by increasing 1 RN FTE/patient day |  |  | 0.91 (0.89; 0.94) |
 |  |  |  | Length of stay by increasing 1 RN FTE/patient day |  |  | -0.25 (0.02) |
Kane 2007[54] | Various authors had used different operational definitions for the RN-to-patient ratio, including number of patients cared for by 1 RN per shift and the number of RN FTEs per patient day, 1000 patient days, or occupied bed. | 17 cohort, 7 cross sectional, 4 case control, | Nurses | Per additional full time equivalent per patient day | Â | Yes | Per additional full time equivalent per patient day |
 |  |  |  | Hospital related mortality in ICUs |  |  | 0.91 (0.86-0.96 |
 |  |  |  | Surgical |  |  | 0.84 (0.80-0.89) |
 |  |  |  | Medical patients |  |  | 0.94 (0.94-0.95) |
 |  |  |  | An increase by 1 RN per patient day |  |  | An increase by 1 RN per patient day |
 |  |  |  | Hospital acquired Pneumonia |  |  | 0.70 (0.56-0.88) |
 |  |  |  | Unplanned extubation |  |  | 0.49 (0.36-0.67) |
 |  |  |  | Respiratory failure |  |  | 0.40 (0.27-0.59) |
 |  |  |  | Cardiac arrest |  |  | 0.72 (0.62-0.84) |
 |  |  |  | Risk of failure to rescue |  |  | 0.84 (0.79-0.90) |
 |  |  |  | Length of stay was shorter by 24% |  |  | 0.76 (0.62-0.94) |
Thungjaroenkul 2007[56] | Nursing staff | 17 studies: 2 prospective, 10 retrospective, 4 retrospective and prospective study, 1 Pre-post quasi-experimental design | Nurses in HIC | Patient length of stay | Â | No | Sufficient numbers of RNs may prevent patient adverse events that cause patients to stay longer |
 |  |  |  | Hospital costs |  |  |  |
Zwarenstein 2009[52] | A practice-based intervention introduced to a practice setting with an explicit objective of improving collaboration between two or more health and/or social care professionals. | 5 RCT | Health care professionals | Health measures | Â | No | IPC interventions can improve healthcare processes and outcomes, |
 |  |  |  | Quality of life measures |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Complication rates |  |  |  |