Table 1 Association between maternal characteristics and not visiting an ANC, Asembo/Gem, Western Kenya, December 2002

Age

   < 18 years

34 (6.0)

6 (9.4)

1.72 (0.67–4.43)

1.55 (0.36–6.72)

   18–19 years

79 (13.8)

1 (1.6)

0.12 (0.02–0.92)

0.16 (0.02–1.27)

   20–29 years

282 (49.4)

29 (45.3)

Reference

Reference

   30–34 years

99 (17.3)

9 (14.1)

0.88 (0.40–1.93)

0.53 (0.21–1.32)

   > 34 years

77 (13.5)

19 (29.7)

2.40 (1.28–4.51)

1.16 (0.51–2.67)

Parity

   Para 1

103 (18.0)

8 (12.5)

1.20 (0.49–2.91)

1.25 (0.33–4.80)

   Para 2–4

231 (40.5)

15 (23.4)

Reference

Reference

   Para ≥ 5

237 (41.5)

41 (64.1)

2.66 (1.44–4.95)

1.95 (0.85–4.49)

Marital status

   Single/widow

79 (13.9)

9 (14.1)

1.02 (0.48–2.14)

   Married

491 (86.1)

55 (85.9)

Reference

Socio-economic status

   Low/medium

303 (54.5)

49 (76.6)

2.73 (1.49–4.98)

2.82 (1.49–5.34)

   High

253 (45.5)

15 (23.4)

Reference

Reference

Education level

   < 8 years

291 (52.6)

51 (81.0)

3.83 (2.00–7.33)

3.02 (1.51–6.04)

   ≥ 8 years

262 (47.4)

12 (19.0)

Reference

Reference

Residence

   Asembo

293 (51.3)

26 (40.6)

0.65 (0.38–1.10)

   Gem

278 (48.7)

38 (59.4)

Reference

Distance to ANC

   Walking < 1 hr

298 (52.2)

27 (42.2)

Reference

Reference

   Walking 1 hr

128 (22.94)

16 (25.0)

1.38 (0.72–2.65)

1.13 (0.57–2.23)

   Walking > 1 hr

107 (18.7)

20 (31.3)

2.06 (1.11–3.83)

1.55 (0.80–3.03)

   Used bus or bike

38 (6.7)

1 (1.6)

0.29 (0.04–2.20)

0.40 (0.05–3.12)

Previous child-death

   ≥ 3 times

38 (6.7)

9 (14.1)

2.79 (1.23–6.31)

1.40 (0.52–3.74)

   1 or 2 times

180 (31.5)

25 (39.1)

1.63 (0.93–2.86)

1.14 (0.59–2.17)

   None

353 (61.8)

30 (46.9)

Reference

Reference

Previous stillbirth

   Yes

65 (11.4)

8 (12.5)

1.11 (0.51–2.44)

   No

506 (88.6)

56 (87.5)

Reference