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Table 1 Association between the risk factors and postpartum hemorrhage among all deliveries

From: Incidence and risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage in Uganda

Variable

No PPH (n = 1,081)a

Had PPH (n = 107)a

Crude OR (95 % CI)

P value

Adjusted OR (95 % CI)

P value

Parity

 Primiparous

301 (27.8)

31 (29.0)

0.97 (0.61–1.53)

0.47

0.85 (0.49–1.44)

0.30

 2–4

545 (50.4)

58 (54.2)

Reference

Reference

 5+

235 (21.7)

18 (16.8)

0.72 (0.42–1.25)

0.64 (0.34–1.15)

Previous history of PPH

47 (4.4)

9 (8.4)

2.02 (0.96–4.24)

0.06

1.86 (0.81–4.26)

0.16

Gestation age at birth (weeks)

 Preterm (<37)

181 (16.7)

16 (15.0)

0.90 (0.51–1.58)

0.76

0.80 (0.44–1.46)

0.71

 Term (37–41)

762 (70.5)

75 (70.1)

Reference

Reference

 Post term (>41)

138 (12.8)

16 (15.0)

1.18 (0.67–2.08)

1.07 (0.58–1.99)

Multiple pregnancy

10 (0.9)

4 (3.7)

4.16 (1.28–13.50)

0.02

2.26 (0.58–8.79)

0.26

Moderate-severe anemia in pregnancy

121 (11.2)

15 (14.0)

1.14 (0.85–1.52)

0.38

0.99 (0.72–1.35)

0.97

HIV positive

98 (9.1)

17 (15.9)

1.89 (1.08–3.31)

0.03

1.93 (1.06–3.50)

0.04

Cesarean-section birth

50 (4.6)

25 (23.4)

6.29 (3.70–10.68)

<0.001

7.54 (4.11–13.81)

<0.001

Labour induction/augmented

42 (3.9)

3 (2.8)

0.71 (0.22–2.34)

0.58

  

Macrosomia ≥4000gm

78(7.2)

15(14.0)

2.10(1.16–3.79)

0.01

2.25(1.14–4.43)

0.03

No uterotonic at birth

25 (2.3)

6 (5.6)

2.51(1.01–6.26)

0.05

2.23 (0.80–6.21)

0.14

Additional uterotonic

67 (6.2)

15 (14.0)

    

Episiotomy/Perineal tear

133 (12.3)

13 (12.1)

0.99 (0.54–1.81)

0.96

1.44 (0.71–2.94)

0.32

  1. Abbreviation: PPH Postpartum hemorrhage, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
  2. a Values are given as numbers (percentages)