First author, Year | Country | Setting | School status | N | Most common source (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
East Africa | |||||
 Zegeye 2009 [21] | Ethiopia | Mix | School-going | 564 | Mother (39.7%) |
North Africa | |||||
 Abd El-Hameed 2011 [44] | Egypt | Mix | School-going | 160 | Mother (59.4%) |
 El-Gilany 2005 [30] | Egypt | Mix | School-going | 642 | Mother (92.2%), mass media (92.2%) |
 Eswi 2012 [45] | Egypt | Urban | School-going | 200 | Mother (53.0%) |
West Africa | |||||
 Gumanga 2012 [31] | Ghana | Urban | School-going | 456 | Parent (80.2%) |
 Adinma 2009 [26] | Nigeria | Urban | School-going | 550 | Mother (48.4%) |
 Ajah 2015 [42] | Nigeria | Urban | School-going | 482 | Mother (81.5% |
 Aniebue 2009 [40] | Nigeria | Urban | School-going | 495 | Mother (71.5%) |
 Lawan 2010 [20]f | Nigeria | Urban | School-going | 385 | Mother (35.3%) |
 Oche 2012 [14] | Nigeria | Urban | School-going | 122 | Mother or grandmother (56.6%) |
Central America | |||||
 Marván 2012 [24]f | Mexico | Urban | School-going | 405 | Mother (78.0%) |
South Asia | |||||
 Bosch 2008 [28] | Bangladesh | Rural | Unclear | 86 | Sister (29.0%) |
 Dambhare 2012 [32]a | India | Mix | School-going | 561 | Mother (38.2%) |
 Thakre 2011 [12]a | India | Mix | School-going | 143 | Mother (71.3%) |
 Khanna 2005 [1] | India | Rural | Mix | - | Mother (55.1%) |
 Dasgupta 2008 [8]a | India | Rural | School-going | 160 | Mother (37.5%) |
 Kanotra 2013 [92] | India | Rural | School-going | 323 | Mother (94.4%) |
 Kotecha 2009 [33]a | India | Rural | School-going | 340 | Mother (32.9%) |
 Mudey 2010 [34] | India | Rural | School-going | 300 | Mother (40.7%) |
 Shanbhag 2012 [10] | India | Rural | School-going | 506 | Mother (55.1%) |
 Sudeshna 2012 [15]a | India | Rural | School-going | 80 | Mother or sister (45.0%) |
 Dhingra 2009 [29] | India | Rural | Unclear | 200 | Friend (83.0%) |
 Tiwari 2006 [11] | India | Unclear | School-going | 486 | Mother (60.7%) |
 Khanna 2005 [1] | India | Urban | Mix | - | Mother (66.8%) |
 Sharma 2008 [64]b | India | Urban | Mix | 156 | Mother (73.7%) |
 Omidvar 2010 [46]a | India | Urban | School-going | 215 | Mother (54.0%) |
 Yasmin 2013 [13] | India | Urban | School-going | 147 | Friend (20.4%) |
 Bobhate 2011 [7]c | India | Urban | Unclear | 241 | Mother (75.9%) |
 Udgiri 2010 [23]a | India | Urban | Unclear | 63 | Mother (63.5%) |
 Adhikari 2007 [5] | Nepal | Rural | School-going | 150 | Coursebook (14.7%) |
 Sharma 2003 [25] | Nepal | Urban | School-going | 96 | Mother (37.5%) |
 Ali 2010 [6]a | Pakistan | Urban | Government school | 203 | Sister (35.5%) |
 Ali 2010 [6]a | Pakistan | Urban | Out-of-school | 165 | Sister (49.7%) |
 Ali 2010 [6]a | Pakistan | Urban | Private school | 145 | Mother (37.9%) |
 Chandraratne 2011 [43]b | Sri Lanka | Urban | School-going | 473 | Mother (67.0%) |
Southeast Asia | |||||
 Lee 2006 [37] | Malaysia | Mix | School-going | 2247 | Mother (80.0%) |
 Wong 2011 [47]e | Malaysia | Rural | School-going | 984 | Mother (62.3%) |
 Wong 2011 [38]d | Malaysia | Rural | School-going | 577 | Mother (31.7%) |
 Wong 2011 [48]d | Malaysia | Urban | School-going | 407 | Mother (62.7%) |
West Asia | |||||
 Jarrah 2012 [36] | Jordan | Urban | School-going | 408 | Mother (57.1%) |
 Reis 2011 [27] | Turkey | Urban | Mix | 310 | Mother (18.7%) |
 Ersoy 2004 [2] | Turkey | Urban | School-going | 1017 | Mother (55.7%) |