Table 6 Social impacts of menstruation
First author, Year | Country | Setting | School status | N | Avoid physical or social activitiesa (%) | Abstain from religious activities (%) | Miss school or work (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
East Africa | |||||||
 Zegeye 2009 [21]b | Ethiopia | Mix | School-going | 407 | NR | NR | 48.2% |
 Boosey 2014 [16] | Uganda | Rural | School-going | 140 | NR | NR | 61.7% (of 133) |
North Africa | |||||||
 Abd El-Hameed 2011 [44] | Egypt | Mix | School-going | 160 | 54 | NR | NR |
West Africa | |||||||
 Adinma 2009 [26] | Nigeria | Urban | School-going | 550 | NR | NR | 4.5% |
 Ajah 2015 [42] | Nigeria | Urban | School-going | 482 | NR | NR | 12.2% |
 Aniebue 2009 [40] | Nigeria | Urban | School-going | 495 | 37.6% | NR | 2.0% |
 Oche 2012 [14] | Nigeria | Urban | School-going | 122 | 4.9% | 43.4% | NR |
South America | |||||||
 Pitangui 2013 [58]b | Brazil | Urban | School-going | 127 | NR | NR | 30.7% |
South Asia | |||||||
 Dambhare 2012 [32]b | India | Mix | School-going | 561 | NR | NR | 13.9% |
 Juyal 2013 [65] | India | Mix | School-going | 453 | 8.6% | 87.4% | NR |
 Thakre 2011 [12] | India | Mix | School-going | 387 | NR | 44.7% | 5.2% |
 Rana 2015 [63] | India | Rural | Mix | 400 | 28.0% | 53.2% | 26.4%c |
 Bodat 2013 [67] | India | Rural | School-going | 622 | NR | NR | 43.2% |
 Dasgupta 2008 [8] | India | Rural | School-going | 136 | 36.3% | 60.0% | 13.8% |
 Kanotra 2013 [92]b | India | Rural | School-going | 59 | 76.6% | NR | NR |
 Mudey 2010 [34] | India | Rural | School-going | 300 | NR | 87.0% | NR |
 Shanbhag 2012 [10] | India | Rural | School-going | 329 | NR | 94.2% | NR |
 Sudeshna 2012 [15] | India | Rural | School-going | 190 | NR | 75.8% | 37.9% |
 Chaudhuri 2012 [60]b | India | Unclear | School-going | 128 | 53.5% | NR | 25.8% |
 Sharma 2008 [64] | India | Urban | Mix | 156 | 25.6% | NR | 17.2% (of 116)c |
 Goel 2011 [9] | India | Urban | School-going | 478 | 42.7% | 76.2% | 14.0% |
 Sharma 2003 [25] | Nepal | Urban | School-going | 67 | 20.0% | NR | NR |
 Yasmin 2013 [13] | India | Urban | School-going | 147 | 18.4% | 90.5% | NR |
 Bobhate 2011 [7] | India | Urban | Unclear | 241 | 24.1% | 90.0% | NR |
 Ali 2010 [6] | Pakistan | Urban | Government school | 425 | 67.3% | NR | NR |
 Ali 2010 [6] | Pakistan | Urban | Out-of-school | 425 | 58.1% | NR | NR |
 Ali 2010 [6] | Pakistan | Urban | Private school | 425 | 58.1% | NR | NR |
Southeast Asia | |||||||
 Lee 2006 [37] | Malaysia | Mix | School-going | 2247 | NR | NR | 7.0% |
 Wong 2011 [47]b | Malaysia | Rural | School-going | 984 | 58.6% | NR | 18.1% |
 Wong 2010 [78]b | Malaysia | Urban | School-going | 801 | 50.2% | NR | NR |
 Wong 2011 [48] | Malaysia | Urban | School-going | 1076 | 61.5% | NR | NR |
West Asia | |||||||
 Poureslami 2002 [79] | Iran | Urban | School-going | 250 | 33.0% | NR | 15.2% |
 Santina 2012 [59] | Lebanon | Urban | School-going | 389 | NR | NR | 41.4% |