Fertility and HIV following universal access to ART in Rwanda: a cross-sectional analysis of Demographic and Health Survey data

Remera, Eric; Boer, Kimberly; Umuhoza, Stella M.; Hedt-Gauthier, Bethany L.; Thomson, Dana R.; Ndimubanzi, Patrick; Kayirangwa, Eugenie; Mutsinzi, Salomon; Bayingana, Alice; Mugwaneza, Placidie; Koama, Jean Baptiste T.

doi:10.1186/s12978-017-0301-x

Reproductive Health

Table 2 Distribution of fertility in the last 5 years and desire to have more children in Rwanda by background characteristic, 2010

From: Fertility and HIV following universal access to ART in Rwanda: a cross-sectional analysis of Demographic and Health Survey data

		Fertility in the last 5 years			Desire more children
Characteristic	n (weighted)	Percent	95% CI	X ² p-value	Percent	95% CI	X ² p-value
Overall	4549	72.1	[70.6,73.6]		45.8	[44.3,47.3]
HIV status
Negative	4311	73.1	[71.5,74.6]	<0.001	46.6	[45.1,48.2]	<0.001
Positive	238	54.3	[47.9,60.6]		30.5	[24.6,37.2]
Age group
20–29	1903	86.4	[84.4,88.2]	<0.001	76.3	[74.4,78.2]	<0.001
30–39	1541	76.7	[74.4,78.9]		33.3	[30.7,35.9]
40–49	1105	40.9	[38.0,43.9]		10.6	[8.9,12.6]
Residence
Urban	681	63.2	[58.9,67.3]	<0.001	51.9	[47.8,56.1]	0.002
Rural	3868	73.6	[72.0,75.2]		44.7	[43.1,46.3]
Education
Less than secondary	4036	73.3	[71.8,74.8]	<0.001	44.5	[43.0,46.1]	<0.001
Secondary or higher	513	62.4	[57.6,66.9]		55.5	[51.0,59.9]
Employment^a
Not working, farmer	3860	74.0	[72.4,75.5]	<0.001	44.0	[42.4,45.7]	<0.001
Employed	681	61.9	[57.9,65.7]		55.7	[51.6,59.7]
Wealth group
Bottom 2 quintiles	1847	76.8	[74.8,78.8]	<0.001	41.9	[39.5,44.4]	<0.001
Middle quintile	889	73.3	[69.9,76.5]		47.4	[44.1,50.7]
Top 2 quintiles	1813	66.6	[64.2,69.0]		48.9	[46.4,51.4]
Number of lifetime sex partners^a
1 partner	3247	74.8	[73.1,76.5]	<0.001	48.9	[47.2,50.7]	<0.001
2–4 partners	1257	66.2	[63.5,68.9]		37.7	[34.8,40.7]
5+ partners	42	35.5	[22.3,51.3]		44.2	[29.1,60.6]
Polygamous marriage^a
No	3109	81.3	[79.7,82.7]	<0.001	48.3	[46.5,50.1]	<0.001
Yes	267	72.7	[67.0,77.8]		29.8	[24.5,35.7]
Not married	1158	47.4	[44.4,50.4]		43.0	[44.3,47.4]
Fertility more than 5 years ago
No birth	361	29.9	[24.9,35.4]	<0.001	96.0	[93.5,97.6]	<0.001
1–3 births	1297	71.1	[68.4,73.7]		71.4	[68.6,74.0]
4–6 births	1820	76.7	[74.6,78.6]		37.4	[35.0,39.9]
7+ births	1071	79.6	[76.9,82.1]		12.1	[10.4,14.2]
Age at first sex^a
< 21	2748	58.9	[57.0,60.8]	<0.001	41.1	[39.2,43.0]	<0.001
21–24	1352	48.7	[46.0,51.5]		51.3	[48.5,54.0]
25+	444	42.0	[37.4,46.8]		58.0	[53.2,62.6]
Ever had a terminated pregnancy^a				<0.001			<0.001
No	3725	73.6	[72.0,75.2]		48.4	[46.7,50.0]
Yes	822	65.0	[61.6,68.3]		34.1	[30.8,37.5]
Ever had a death of child under 5
No death	3164	73.5	[71.7,75.2]	<0.001	53.9	[52.1,55.8]	<0.001
Lost one or more children under 5	1385	68.8	[66.2,71.2]		27.2	[24.8,29.7]
Current use of modern method of contraception
No	2825	65.3	[63.2,67.2]	<0.001	46.6	[44.6,48.6]	0.212
Yes	1724	83.3	[81.3,85.1]		44.5	[42.1,46.9]
Has an unmet need for contraception^a
No	3792	67.7	[66.0,69.3]	<0.001	47.8	[46.1,49.4]	<0.001
Yes	754	94.1	[92.1,95.6]		35.8	[32.3,39.5]
Knows of a modern contraceptive method^a
No	7	40.0	[10.3,79.4]	0.101	70.9	[30.2,93.2]	0.207
Yes	4541	72.1	[70.6,73.6]		45.7	[44.2,47.3]
Knowledge of MTCT^a
No	326	65.7	[59.9,71.0]	0.011	43.4	[38.3,48.6]	0.374
Yes	4191	72.8	[71.2,74.4]		45.9	[44.3,47.5]
Comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS
No	1957	72.9	[70.6,75.0]	0.350	45.2	[43.1,47.4]	0.537
Yes	2592	71.5	[69.5,73.4]		46.2	[44.1,48.3]
Desire more children
No more, sterilized	2466	67.4	[65.4,69.3]	<0.001
Want another, undecided	2083	77.6	[75.4,79.7]
Birth in the last 5 years, or pregnant
No children	1270				36.7	[33.8,39.7]	<0.001
1–4 children or pregnant	3279				49.3	[47.5,51.1]

^aCategories may not sum to 100% due to missing data

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