Table 4 Descriptive D&A results for all L&D observations from 40 health facilities in Malawi in 2013

 Did not respectfully greet pregnant woman^a

 Shouted, insulted or threatened the woman during labor or after^c

 Manual exploration of uterus after delivery when unindicated^c

 Used episiotomy (without indication)^c

 Did not ask woman (and support person) if she has any questions^a

 Did not ask client if there are any other problems the client is concerned about^a

 Did not explain procedures to woman (support person) before proceeding^a

 Did not inform the woman what will happen before conducting the vaginal examination^a

 Did not inform pregnant woman of findings^a

 Did not explain what will happen in labor to woman (support person) at least once^a

 Did not explain procedures to woman (support person) before proceeding^a

 Provider did not give at least one update on status and progress of labor^b

 Woman did not have audio and visual privacy during initial client assessment^a

 Provider did not drape woman (one drape under buttocks, one over abdomen)^a

 Woman did not have her own bed^a

 Provider did not use curtains or other visual barriers to protect woman during exams, births, procedures^a

 Did not encourage the woman to have a support person present during labor and delivery^a

 Provider did not encourage woman to consume fluids/food during labor at least once^a

 Provider did not encourage or assist woman to ambulate and assume different positions during labor at least once^a

 Provider did not ask woman which position she would like to deliver in^a

 Support person or companion for mother was not present at birth^b

 If support person was not present at birth: Support person was restricted from being present^b

 Woman requested some pain relief for her pain but was not given anything^b

 Woman was not allowed to deliver in her preferred birthing position (if she had a preferred position)^b

 Mother and newborn were not kept in same room after delivery (rooming-in)^b

 Provider slapped, hit or pinched the woman during labor or after^c