Table 2 Differences between questionnaire and biomarkers in included studies (alcohol)
From: Prevalence of prenatal exposure to substances of abuse: questionnaire versus biomarkers
ALCOHOL | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Author (reference, year) | Questionnaire (%positive result) | Biomarkers (%positive results) | Differences/Comments |
Budd et al. (10) (2000) | PAUI (n: 56) drinkers (n = 26) quitters (n = 30) ACOG (n = 36) drinkers (n = 5) quitters (n = 31) | CDT n:56 High: drinkers: 32 Low: quitters: 24 N:36 High: drinkers: 21 Low: quitters: 15 | - PAUI is better than ACOG record (less false negative) in order to identify drinkers |
Derauf et al. (24) (2003) | Structured questionnaire (5.3%) | FAEE (17.1%) | - `No agreement between reported ethanol intake during third trimester and FAEE (absence of FAEE in the meconium of infants whose mothers admitted drinking) |
Gareri et al. (19) (2008) | Parkyn questionnaire (0.5%) | FAEE (2.5%) | - Maternal screening using questionnaire would miss most of cases |
Garcia Algar et al. (29) (2008) | Self-reported use (2.3%) | FAEE (45%) | - Prevalence of alcohol consumption: 45% - Underreporting of drinking |
Wurst et al. (14) (2008) | AUDIT (8.7%) | EtG (0.9%) EtS (0%) (urine) EtG (15, 5%) EtS (2, 9%) (hair) | In ALL: 25.2% identified as consumers −6 only AUDIT −14 only EtG in hair - 3 only FAEE in hair - 3 both AUDIT and biomarkers The combined use identifies more subjects FAEE and EtG in hair permit to distinguish social to heavy drinkers |
Pichini et al. (23) (2009) | Structured questionnaire (3.5% Italy; 4.8% Spain) | FAEE (8%); EtG (81%); EtS(46%) (Italy) FAEE(42%); EtG (95%); EtS (52%) (Spain) | - NO correlation between biomarkers and self-reporting - No direct correlation between EtG EtS and FAEE - Cut off for EtG and EtS does not exist. |
Goh et al. (9) (2010) | 1. Self-reported use (0%) 2. Parkyn questionnaire (1%) | FAEE (2.5%) (general population) FAEE (30%) (risk population) | - High prevalence of positive meconium among newborns in high risk obstetric unit: - Ethanol induces to perinatal risks - Chronic alcohol use in women tend to exhibit higher rate of perinatal comorbidities |
Bakdash et al. (21) (2010) | 1. Comprehensive questionnaire of FRAMES study (0%) 2. CAGE test (*) (1%) 3. Personal interview (0.2%) | FAEE (7.1%) EtG (16.3%) | - Optimal agreement using cut off 500Â ng/g (FAEE) and 274Â ng/g (EtG) - 6 mothers who answered yes in CAGE: no positive in biomarkers - The one who recognised drinking 2 glasses of wine/day: very high FAEE and EtG |
Hutson et al. (22) (2010) | 1. Structured questionnaire (37%) 2. CAGE (14%) | FAEE (44%) | - No correlation: the incidence would be underestimated if achieved through self-reported - Poor agreement between reported ethanol intake and FAEE (absence of FAEE in the meconium of infants whose mothers admitted drinking) |
Manich et al. (20) (2012) | Structured questionnaire (0%) | FAEE (16.12%) | - Difference between self-reported and biomarkers results |
Pichini et al. (25) (2012) | 1. Self-reported use (56.6%) | FAEE and/or EtG (7.9%) | - No correlation between maternal self-report and results - Unspecific questionnaire, not validated |
Comasco et al. (15) (2012) | C-AUDIT (12,3%) | CDT (0%) PEth (0%) | - AUDIT quick and inexpensive screening - CDT and PEth respond to regular heavy or moderate alcohol consumption in the previous 2–4 weeks |
Lendoiro et al. (18) (2013) | Structured questionnaire (13.7) | EtG (3.9%) | - Hair analysis showed NOT to be more sensitive than maternal interview for alcohol exposure |