Table 1 Description of the study characteristics for the included studies in the review
No | Author and year | Setting of the study | Design of the study | Sample size | Study subjects | Data collection method | Primary Outcome of Interest | Delayed ANC (definition) | Study specific predicting factors for delayed uptake of ANC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Amentie et al. 2015 [39] | Community based study | Cross sectional | 536 | Reproductive aged women who had at least one birth in the five years prior to the study | Interviewer administered questionnaire | -Utilization of ANC (uptake) -Timing of first ANC initiation | Entry in to care after 12Â weeks of gestation | Place of residence (living in rural area) |
2 | Abosse et al. 2010 [27] | Community based study | Cross sectional | 710 | Reproductive aged women who had at least one birth in the five years prior to the study | Interviewer administered questionnaire | -Utilization of ANC (uptake) -Timing of first ANC visit | Entry in to care after 12Â weeks of gestation | Place of residence (living in rural area) |
3 | Abuka et al. 2014 [35] | Facility based study | Cross sectional | 406 | Pregnant women attending health facility | Interviewer administered questionnaire | - Timing of first ANC booking | Entry in to care after 12 weeks of gestation | Age (≥20 year), non-attendance of formal education, high parity, perceived that timely ANC is not important, not having information, previous non-use of ANC |
4 | Bayou et al. 2016 [36] | Community based study | Cross sectional | 814 | Reproductive aged women who had at least one birth in the three years prior to the study | Interviewer administered questionnaire | -Early initiation of ANC -At least four ANC visit -Adequacy of ANC | Entry in to care after 12Â weeks of gestation | Unintended pregnancy and non-attendance of formal education |
5 | Belayneh et al. 2014 [34] | Facility based study | Cross sectional | 369 | Pregnant women attending ANC service in health facility | Face-to-face interview technique | -Timing of first ANC booking | Entry in to care after 12Â weeks of gestation | Non-attendance of formal education, older age [30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49], previous early ANC visit, perceived sufficient number of ANC (4+) |
6 | Gudayu 2015 [37] | Facility based study | Cross sectional | 390 | Pregnant women attending ANC service in health facilities | Face-to-face exit interview technique | -Late ANC booking | Entry in to care after 12Â weeks of gestation | Not obtaining information on right time to initiate, perceived right time to book ANC (12+ weeks), non-autonomy, and use of urine test to identify pregnancy |
7 | Gudayu et al. 2014 [30] | Facility based study | Cross sectional | 407 | Pregnant women attending health facility | Face-to-face exit interview technique | -Timing of first ANC booking | Entry in to care after 12Â weeks of gestation | Age (>25), younger age at marriage, pregnancy checking by means other than urine test, perceived right time to start ANC (12+ weeks), and non-autonomy |
8 | Yilala and Sinishaw 2015 [33] | Facility based study | Cross sectional | 407 | Pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic in health facility | Face-to-face exit interview technique | -Late initiation of ANC | Entry in to care after 12Â weeks of gestation | Non-attendance of formal education, poor knowledge of ANC, not receiving advice from HEW, not getting advice on ANC booking, perceived right time of ANC (12+ weeks) |
9 | Zegeye et al. 2013 [65] | Facility based study | Cross sectional | 446 | Pregnant women attending health facility | Face-to-face exit interview technique | -Early ANC visit | Entry in to care after 12Â weeks of gestation | High parity, lack of knowledge of ANC, unintended pregnancy |
10 | Tariku et al. 2010 | Facility based study | Cross sectional | 612 | Pregnant women attending health facility | Face to face exit interview | -Timing of first ANC booking | Entry in to care after 12Â weeks of gestation | High parity, unintended pregnancy, obtaining advice on when to book first ANC |
11 | CSA 2014 [20] | Community based study | Cross sectional (DHS data) | 1571 | Reproductive aged women who had at least one birth in the five years prior to the survey | Interviewer administered questionnaire | -Timing of ANC initiation -At least one ANC visit | Entry in to care after 16Â weeks of gestation | Place of residence (living in rural area) |
12 | Damme et al. 2015 [28] | Facility based study | Cross sectional | 379 | Pregnant women attending ANC service in health facilities | Face-to-face exit interview technique | -Timing of first ANC booking | Entry in to care after 16Â weeks of gestation | Non-attendance of formal education, rural residence, low income, having no awareness on timing of ANC |
13 | Ewenetu et al. 2015 [29] | Facility based study | Cross sectional | 178 | Pregnant women attending ANC service in health facility | Interviewer administered structured questionnaire | Late ANC initiation | Entry in to care after 16Â weeks of gestation | Non-attendance of education, rural residence, no history of premature birth, late recognition of pregnancy, and unintended pregnancy |
14 | Fisseha et al. 2015 [66] | Facility based study | Cross sectional | 410 | Pregnant women attending ANC service in health facilities | Interviewer administered structured questionnaire | Timing of First ANC Booking | Entry in to care after 16Â weeks of gestation | No history of still birth, no pregnancy complications, lack of knowledge of time to initiate ANC, no partner involvement on ANC |
15 | Gebre meskel et al. 2015 [40] | Facility based study | Cross sectional | 409 | Pregnant women attending ANC service in health facility | Interviewer administered structured questionnaire | Timing of First ANC Attendance | Entry in to care after 16Â weeks of gestation | Low income, not receiving advice on when to start ANC, household food insecurity, unintended pregnancy |
16 | Girum 2016 [38] | Facility based study | Cross sectional | 362 | Pregnant women attending ANC service in health facilities | Face to face exit interview | Timing of First ANC Visit | Entry in to care after 16Â weeks of gestation | Rural residence, low income, non-attendance of education, not receiving advice on timing of visit and unintended pregnancy |
17 | Gulema and Berhane 2017 [67] | Facility based study | Cross sectional | 960 | Pregnant women visiting health facilities for the first time | Interviewer administered structured questionnaire | Timing of First ANC Visit | Entry in to care after 16Â weeks of gestation | Unemployment, low income, perceived ANC initiation time (16Â weeks +), unintended pregnancy, having pregnancy complications |
18 | Hailesilasie and Enquselasie 2010 [41] | Facility based study | Cross sectional | 419 | Pregnant women attending ANC at government health facilities | Face-to-face interview of pregnant women | Late Initiation of ANC Service Utilization | Entry in to care after 16Â weeks of gestation | Younger age, non-attendance of formal education, low perceived benefit of ANC, unintended pregnancy, perceived ANC initiation time (4-6Â months) |
19 | Hussen et al. 2016 [42] | Facility based study | Cross sectional | 255 | Pregnant women attending ANC at government health facilities | Interviewer administered structured questionnaire | Timely Initiation of First ANC Visit | Entry in to care after 16Â weeks of gestation | Non-attendance of formal education, lack of knowledge of ANC, late recognition of pregnancy, high parity |
20 | Lerebo et al. 2015 [31] | Facility based study | Cross sectional | 415 | Pregnant women attending ANC at government health facilities | Face to face interview of pregnant women | Late Booking for ANC | Entry in to care after 16Â weeks of gestation | High parity, unintended pregnancy, perceived right time to book ANC (16Â weeks +), no history of abortion |
21 | Mohammed and Berhane 2014 [68] | Facility based study | Cross sectional | 383 | Pregnant women attending ANC at selected public health centres | Face to face interview of pregnant women | Timing of first ANC initiation | Entry in to care after 16Â weeks of gestation | Younger age, non-attendance of formal education, incorrect perception of timing of ANC, being busy |
22 | Tekelab and Berhanu 2014 [32] | Facility based study | Cross sectional | 401 | Pregnant women attending ANC service at governmental health centres | Interviewer administered structured questionnaire | Late initiation of ANC | Entry in to care after 16 weeks of gestation | Age (≥25 year), non-attendance of formal education, low monthly income, high parity, previous non-use of ANC, unintended pregnancy |