Table 1 Comparison of respect and disrespect typologies
Bowser & Hill (2010) | Bohren et al. (2015) | White Ribbon Alliance (2011) | Present study | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Respect for women | Disrespect for women | |||
Physical abuse | Physical abuse - Use of force - Physical restraint | Freedom from harm and ill treatment | Physical abuse - Physical force including slapping, beating, pushing the abdomen in a non-emergency case; episiotomy without anesthesia; and harmful, unsanitary, and an unprofessional medical procedure | |
Sexual abuse | ||||
Non-consented care | Failure to meet professional standards ① - Lack of informed consent and confidentiality | Right to information, informed consent and refusal, and respect for choices and preferences, including the right to companionship of choice wherever possible | Positive interaction among midwives and women - Giving consideration to women’s emotions, greeting, implementing good communication skills, explaining what they were going to do, providing the results, and giving their own assessment and advice | Non-consented care - Performing medical treatment or physical examination without any explanation or consent from the women |
Non-confidential care | Failure to meet professional standards ② - Physical examinations and procedures | Confidentiality, privacy | Respect for women’s privacy - Considering and protecting woman’s privacy from other women | Non-confidential care - Invading women’s physical and psychological privacy without any partition and asking women their private or personal information in front of others |
Non-dignified care (including verbal abuse) | Verbal abuse - Harsh language - Threats and blaming | Dignity, respect | Positive interaction among midwives and women - Giving consideration to women’s emotions, greeting, implementing good communication skills, explaining what they were going to do, providing the results, and giving their own assessment and advice | Psychological abuse - Actions with violent words or harsh tones such as scolding, threatening, berating, and blaming, and emotional neglect by not genuinely sympathizing or considering the women’s situation |
Abandonment or denial of care | Failure to meet professional standards ③ - Neglect and abandonment | Right to timely healthcare and to the highest attainable level of health | Provide safe and timely midwifery care for delivery - Periodic monitoring of the laboring process, performing appropriate care for delivery with precise timing by judging women’s laboring process Actively engage in women’s laboring process - Correcting both subjective and objective data to grasp and assess the progress of labor by going to the women’s side to predict what would be expected for the women’s childbirth | Abandonment of care - Ignoring, neglecting, and abandoning women during childbirth even if the women were yelling or screaming for help |
Discrimination based on specific attributes | Stigma and discrimination - Discrimination based on sociodemographic characteristics - Discrimination based on medical conditions | Equality, freedom from discrimination, equitable care | ||
Detention in facilities | ||||
Liberty, autonomy, self-determination, and freedom from coercion | ||||
Encourage mother-baby relationship - Encouraging the relationship between the mother and the baby after giving birth by having skin-to-skin mother-baby care and breastfeeding | ||||
Poor rapport between women and providers - Ineffective communication - Lack of supportive care - Loss of autonomy | Psychological abuse - Actions with violent words or harsh tones such as scolding, threatening, berating, and blaming, and emotional neglect by not genuinely sympathizing or considering the women’s situation | |||
Unprioritized and disorganized nursing and midwifery management | ||||
Health system conditions and constraints - Lack of resources - Lack of policies - Facility culture | Lack of accountability - One of the factors contributing to disrespect for women not systematically assigned to a group of women; the midwives’ practice was impromptu Unethical clinical practices - There were no rule-based recordings or ethical charting | |||