Associations between intimate partner violence and reproductive and maternal health outcomes in Bihar, India: a cross-sectional study

Dhar, Diva; McDougal, Lotus; Hay, Katherine; Atmavilas, Yamini; Silverman, Jay; Triplett, Daniel; Raj, Anita

doi:10.1186/s12978-018-0551-2

Reproductive Health

Table 1 Descriptive Statistics by Lifetime Experience of IPV (N = 13,803)

From: Associations between intimate partner violence and reproductive and maternal health outcomes in Bihar, India: a cross-sectional study

	Total (N = 13,803)	Any IPV in Lifetime	No IPV Ever	p-value
	–	% [95% CI]	% [95% CI]
	–	N	N
Total	% [95% CI]	45.1 [43.2, 47.0]	54.9 [53.0, 56.8]
Total	N	6256	7547
Outcomes
Miscarriage				<.001
No	91.3 [90.4, 92.1]	89.7 [88.2, 91.1]	92.6 [91.5, 93.5]
	12,634	5657	6977
Yes	8.7 [7.9, 9.6]	10.3 [8.9, 11.8]	7.4 [6.5, 8.5]
	1169	599	570
Stillbirth				<.001
No	95.4 [94.7, 96.0]	94.2 [93.1, 95.2]	96.4 [95.6, 97.0]
	13,194	5915	7279
Yes	4.6 [4.0, 5.3]	5.8 [4.8, 6.9]	3.6 [3.0, 4.4]
	609	341	268
Abortion				.506
No	98.7 [98.3, 99.1]	98.9 [98.4, 99.2]	98.6 [97.9, 99.1]
	13,658	6174	7484
Yes	1.3 [0.9, 1.7]	1.1 [0.8, 1.6]	1.4 [0.9, 2.1]
	145	82	63
Labor Complications				.200
No	89.3 [88.2, 90.3]	88.6 [87.0, 90.0]	89.8 [88.4, 91.1]
	12,364	5551	6813
Yes	10.7 [9.7, 11.8]	11.4 [10.0, 13.0]	10.2 [8.9, 11.6]
	1439	705	734
Other Pregnancy or Delivery Complications				<.001
No	83.7 [82.3, 85.0]	80.5 [78.5, 82.4]	86.3 [84.7, 87.7]
	11,660	5101	6559
Yes	16.3 [15.0, 17.7]	19.5 [17.6, 21.5]	13.7 [12.3, 15.3]
	2143	1155	988
Sociodemographics, parity, study design
Age
15–19	27.7 [26.4, 29.1]	24.3 [22.5, 26.1]	30.6 [28.7, 32.5]	<.001
	4004	1621	2383
20–24	33.0 [31.7, 34.4]	32.8 [30.9, 34.8]	33.2 [31.3, 35.1]
	4581	2045	2536
25–29	20.1 [18.8, 21.6]	21.0 [19.4, 22.8]	19.4 [17.6, 21.4]
	2764	1319	1445
35+	19.1 [17.8, 20.5]	21.9 [20.2, 23.6]	16.9 [15.1, 18.8]
	2454	1271	1183
Wealth quartile				<.001
1 (poorest)	28.5 [26.4, 30.7]	32.7 [30.0, 35.5]	25.1 [22.8, 27.5]
	3692	1934	1758
2	20.3 [19.1, 21.7]	21.1 [19.2, 23.1]	19.7 [18.2, 21.3]
	2761	1316	1445
3	24.2 [22.8, 25.6]	24.5 [22.7, 26.5]	23.9 [22.0, 25.9]
	3271	1573	1698
4 (wealthiest)	27.0 [25.1, 29.0]	21.7 [19.6, 23.9]	31.3 [28.9, 33.9]
	4079	1433	2646
Education				<.001
None	52.1 [50.1, 54.1]	61.0 [58.6, 63.3]	44.8 [42.4, 47.2]
	6929	3667	3262
Primary	26.0 [24.5, 27.5]	23.7 [21.9, 25.7]	27.8 [25.9, 29.9]
	3561	1544	2017
Secondary	21.9 [20.5, 23.4]	15.3 [13.7, 17.0]	27.4 [25.4, 29.4]
	3313	1045	2268
Caste/religion				<.001
SC/ST	26.5 [24.2, 28.9]	31.2 [28.3, 34.4]	22.6 [20.0, 25.3]
	3538	1980	1558
OBC	46.3 [43.6, 49.0]	44.3 [41.2, 47.4]	47.9 [44.7, 51.2]
	6481	2810	3671
General	10.0 [8.7, 11.5]	8.1 [6.5, 10.1]	11.5 [10.0, 13.2]
	1416	458	958
Muslim	17.3 [14.6, 20.2]	16.4 [13.7, 19.5]	18.0 [14.9, 21.5]
	2368	1008	1360
Ananya district				.070
No	73.4 [70.3, 76.2]	75.2 [71.8, 78.3]	71.9 [68.1, 75.4]
	10,185	4685	5500
Yes	26.6 [23.8, 29.7]	24.8 [21.7, 28.2]	28.1[24.6, 31.9]
	3618	1571	2047
Spouse’s Education				<.001
None	31.1 [29.2, 33.0]	36.3 [33.8, 38.8]	26.8 [24.6, 29.1]
	4161	2233	1928
Primary	34.4 [32.9, 35.9]	35.7 [33.8, 37.7]	33.2 [31.3, 35.3]
	4564	2155	3409
Secondary	34.6 [32.6, 36.6]	28.0 [25.7, 30.4]	40.0 [37.4, 42.6]
	5078	1868	3210
Parity				<.001
1	30.1 [28.8, 31.5]	25.3 [23.6, 27.2]	34.1 [32.2, 36.0]
	4306	1612	2694
2	27.3 [26.1, 28.6]	27.4 [25.6, 29.4]	27.2 [25.7, 28.8]
	3897	1751	2146
3+	42.6 [41.0, 44.2]	47.2 [45.0, 49.4]	38.7 [36.6, 40.9]
	5600	2893	2707
Gender equity
Age at marriage				<.001
< 18	46.8 [44.8, 48.8]	53.6 [50.8, 56.3]	41.2 [38.9, 43.5]
	6099	3250	2849
18+	53.2 [51.2, 55.2]	46.4 [43.7, 49.2]	58.8 [56.5, 61.1]
	7704	3006	4698
Workforce participation, past 12 months				<.001
No	94.0 [93.0, 94.9]	91.7 [90.1, 93.1]	95.9 [94.9, 96.8]
	13,059	5798	7261
Yes	6.0 [5.1, 7.0]	8.3 [6.9, 10.0]	4.1 [3.2, 5.1]
	744	458	286
Personal bank account				.034
No	71.1 [69.3, 72.8]	72.8 [70.4, 75.0]	69.7 [67.5, 71.8]
	9619	4508	5111
Yes	28.9 [27.2, 30.7]	27.2 [25.0, 29.6]	30.3 [28.2, 32.5]
	4152	1736	2416
Personal mobile phone				<.001
No	34.4 [32.6, 36.2]	40.0 [37.3, 42.8]	29.7 [27.6, 32.0]
	4720	2436	2284
Yes	65.6 [63.8, 67.4]	60.0 [57.2, 62.7]	70.3 [68.0, 72.4]
	9083	3820	5263
Focus child characteristics
Gender of focal child				.832
Female	46.8 [45.3, 48.4]	47.0 [44.8, 49.3]	46.7 [44.5, 48.8]
	6385	2889	3496
Male	53.2 [51.6, 54.7]	53.0 [50.7, 55.2]	53.3 [51.2, 55.5]
	7418	3367	4051
Age of child (months)				.200
0–5 months	36.8 [35.8, 37.9]	36.7 [35.2, 38.3]	36.9 [35.3, 38.6]
	6582	2960	3622
6–11 months	26.3 [25.4, 27.3]	27.5 [26.0, 29.0]	25.4 [24.1, 26.8]
	4781	2214	2567
12–23 months	36.8 [35.6, 38.0]	35.8 [33.7, 38.0]	37.7 [35.8, 39.6]
	2440	1082	1358
4 or more antenatal care visits				<.001
No	80.0 [78.7, 81.3]	83.7 [82.1, 85.2]	77.0 [75.1, 78.8]
	10,920	5160	5760
Yes	20.0 [18.7, 21.3]	16.3 [14.8, 17.9]	23.0 [21.2, 24.9]
	2883	1096	1787
Skilled birth attendance				<.001
No	27.6 [25.9, 29.3]	30.6 [28.2, 33.1]	25.2 [23.2, 27.2]
	3653	1860	1793
Yes	72.4 [70.7, 74.1]	69.4 [66.9, 71.8]	74.8 [72.8, 76.8]
	10,150	4396	5754

Back to article page

ISSN: 1742-4755

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com