Table 2 Logistic Regression to Assess Associations between Lifetime Experience of IPV and Birth Outcomes
| Â | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Miscarriage | Stillbirth | Abortion | Miscarriage (n = 13,803) | Stillbirth (n = 13,771) | Abortion (n = 13,803) |
Physical or Sexual IPV | ||||||
 Never | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
 Ever | 1.42 (1.16–1.74) | 1.62 (1.22–2.15) | 0.83 (0.47–1.45) | 1.35 (1.11–1.65) | 1.36 (1.02–1.82) | 0.76 (0.40–1.44) |
Age | ||||||
 15–19 | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
 20–24 | 1.70 (1.30–2.23) | 1.48 (0.95–2.30) | 1.75 (0.73–4.20) | 1.61 (1.22–2.11) | 1.42 (0.88–2.30) | 1.68 (0.67–4.23) |
 25–29 | 1.72 (1.25–2.37) | 2.33 (1.53–3.54) | 2.62 (1.03–6.62) | 1.54 (1.08–2.18) | 2.27 (1.36–3.79) | 2.40 (0.90–6.43) |
 30+ | 2.51 (1.87–3.38) | 2.68 (1.74–4.13) | 1.48 (0.61–3.56) | 2.17 (1.54–3.05) | 2.65 (1.57–4.46) | 1.40 (0.50–3.91) |
Wealth Quartile | ||||||
 1 (Poorest) | REF | REF | REF | – | – | REF |
 2 | 1.02 (0.75–1.38) | 0.74 (0.49–1.13) | 1.28 (0.46–3.54) |  |  | 1.28 (0.46–3.59) |
 3 | 1.03 (0.77–1.36) | 0.82 (0.56–1.19) | 3.36 (1.36–8.30) |  |  | 3.39 (1.26–9.16) |
 4 (Wealthiest) | 0.93 (0.70–1.24) | 0.59 (0.40–0.85) | 2.50 (1.05–5.99) |  |  | 2.80 (1.12–6.98) |
Education | ||||||
 None | REF | REF | REF | – | – | – |
 Primary | 0.98 (0.74–1.30) | 0.61 (0.44–0.85) | 1.01 (0.51–2.02) |  |  |  |
 Secondary | 0.73 (0.55–0.97) | 0.55 (0.38–0.81) | 1.54 (0.76–3.11) |  |  |  |
Caste/Religion | ||||||
 General | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
 SC/ST | 1.02 (0.65–1.59) | 1.25 (0.82–1.90) | 0.29 (0.09–0.91) | 0.87 (0.56–1.37) | 1.01 (0.67–1.54) | 0.28 (0.10–0.81) |
 OBC | 1.06 (0.70–1.61) | 0.78 (0.53–1.14) | 0.44 (0.21–0.92) | 0.98 (0.65–1.47) | 0.68 (0.46–1.00) | 0.41 (0.21–0.80) |
 Muslim | 1.47 (0.90–2.40) | 0.99 (0.61–1.60) | 0.33 (0.13–0.81) | 1.26 (0.78–2.03) | 0.79 (0.48–1.28) | 0.29 (0.12–0.69) |
Spouse’s education | ||||||
 None | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | – |
 Primary | 1.13 (0.89–1.44) | 1.19 (0.89–1.60) | 0.99 (0.41–2.43) | 1.27 (1.00–1.61) | 1.46 (1.08–1.99) |  |
 Secondary | 0.92 (0.71–1.18) | 0.84 (0.60–1.17) | 1.61 (0.69–3.75) | 1.17 (0.89–1.52) | 1.33 (0.92–1.91) |  |
Parity | ||||||
 1 | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
 2 | 1.55 (1.18–2.04) | 2.00 (1.33–2.99) | 1.51 (0.70–3.24) | 1.22 (0.94–1.59) | 1.48 (0.94–2.32) | 1.16 (0.52–2.58) |
 3+ | 1.90 (1.47–2.46) | 2.17 (1.60–2.93) | 1.67 (0.81–3.46) | 1.17 (0.86–1.58) | 1.04 (0.70–1.57) | 1.26 (0.58–2.71) |
Ananya district | ||||||
 No | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
 Yes | 1.37 (1.07–1.75) | 1.04 (0.75–1.44) | 1.52 (0.80–2.90) | 1.38 (1.09–1.75) | 0.99 (0.71–1.37) | 1.47 (0.83–2.60) |
GENDER EQUITY | ||||||
 Age at marriage | ||||||
   < 18 | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
  18+ | 0.68 (0.55–0.83) | 0.46 (0.35–0.61) | 0.51 (0.29–0.91) | 0.74 (0.61–0.91) | 0.51 (0.38–0.68) | 0.43 (0.23–0.79) |
 Workforce participation, past 12 months | ||||||
  No | REF | REF | REF | – | – | REF |
  Yes | 0.96 (0.62–1.47) | 1.02 (0.64–1.63) | 2.24 (1.03–4.89) |  |  | 2.57 (1.17–5.65) |
 Personal bank account | ||||||
 No | REF | REF | REF | – | REF | – |
 Yes | 0.93 (0.75–1.16) | 0.74 (0.53–1.03) | 1.64 (0.84–3.21) |  | 0.74 (0.53–1.04) |  |
 Personal mobile phone | ||||||
  No | REF | REF | REF | – | REF | – |
  Yes | 0.98 (0.80–1.20) | 0.66 (0.49–0.89) | 0.98 (0.55–1.72) |  | 0.73 (0.54–0.99) |  |