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Table 5 Association between Client and Provider Characteristics and Receipt of Family Planning (FP) Information and a Modern FP Method—Kigoma Region, Tanzania, April to July 2016 (Clients n = 1505, Providers n = 330)

From: Client and provider factors associated with integration of family planning services among maternal and reproductive health clients in Kigoma Region, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study, April–July 2016

 

Receipt of FP Information

Receipt of Modern FP Method

 

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

p-value

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

p-value

CLIENT LEVEL VARIABLES

 Age in years

  15–19 (reference)

    

  20–29

1.23 (0.85–1.77)

0.272

1.22 (0.64–2.34)

0.551

  30–39

1.22 (0.82–1.81)

0.335

1.18 (0.59–2.38)

0.641

  40–49

0.95 (0.51–1.75)

0.862

0.85 (0.28–2.56)

0.771

  Don’t know

5.82 (1.50–22.54)

0.011

0.28 (0.03–2.90)

0.284

 Delivery care was primary service sought

  No (reference)

    

  Yes

0.96 (0.71–1.29)

0.771

0.68 (0.43–1.08)

0.101

 Well-baby care was primary service sought

 No (reference)

    

  Yes

0.85 (0.59–1.22)

0.377

0 .13 (0.05–0.39)

0.000

 Pregnancy loss (PL) care was primary service sought

  No (reference)

    

  Yes

2.06 (1.32–3.20)

0.001

6.41 (3.74–11.01)

0.000

 Other routine services (Postnatal, HIV, STI, other) was primary service sought

  No (reference)

    

  Yes

0.38 (0.20–0.75)

0.005

0.13 (0.02–1.07)

0.057

 Highest education attended

  No education (reference)

    

  Primary

1.24 (0.91–1.70)

0.178

1.22 (0.68–2.18)

0.509

  Secondary

1.55 (0.97–2.47)

0.068

4.26 (2.10–8.64)

0.000

  University

1.00 (0.37–2.68)

0.997

4.38 (1.19–16.13)

0.026

 Literacy

  Cannot read and write, or can read or write, but not both (reference)

    

  Read and write

1.15 (0.87–1.53)

0.324

2.40 (1.38–4.17)

0.002

 Wealth

  Low wealth (reference)

    

  Middle wealth

1.31 (0.96–1.79)

0.092

2.12 (1.16–3.88)

0.015

  High wealth

1.46 (1.06–2.02)

0.022

3.64 (2.02–6.58)

0.000

 Number of live births

  1+ (reference)

    

  None

0.72 (0.34–1.51)

0.383

3.61 (1.52–8.55)

0.004

 Number of prior pregnancies

  0–3 (reference)

    

  4+

1.38 (1.07–1.77)

0.013

1.11 (0.73–1.68)

0.625

 Marital status

  Not in a union (reference)

    

  In a union

0.95 (0.62–1.45)

0.798

0.44 (0.23–0.83)

0.012

 Frequency of attendance at religious services

  Attends at least weekly (reference)

    

  Attends less often than weekly

0.70 (0.49–1.01)

0.056

0.83 (0.48–1.45)

0.512

 Has had FP discussion with partner

  No (reference)

    

  Yes

1.92 (1.48–2.48)

0.000

4.01 (2.35–6.83)

0.000

 Able to make own FP decisions

  No (reference)

    

  Yes

1.10 (0.79–1.53)

0.565

2.93 (1.82–4.73)

0.000

 Heard FP messages in last 3 months

  No (reference)

    

  Yes

1.29 (0.99–1.68)

0.064

1.25 (0.81–1.92)

0.317

 Desired timing of future childbearing

  More than 2 years, or does not want (reference)

    

  1 to 2 years

0.76 (0.57–1.00)

0.050

0.55 (0.33–0.91)

0.020

 Number of FP methods received information about during non-FP visit

  None or 1 (reference)

    

  2+

NA

 

12.24 (6.48–23.10)

0.000

 Number of sources FP information received from during non-FP visit

  None or 1 (reference)

    

  2+

NA

 

4.75 (2.62–8.62)

0.000

PROVIDER LEVEL VARIABLES

 Provider age

  39+ years (reference)

    

  38 years or less

1.00 (0.68–1.46)

0.994

0.55 (0.32–0.95)

0.032

 Sex

  Male (reference)

    

  Female

0.73 (0.49–1.08)

0.115

0.84 (0.48–1.49)

0.555

 Highest education completed

  Primary (reference)

    

  Secondary

2.00 (0.72–5.54)

0.184

1.23 (0.23–6.69)

0.810

  College/university

3.00 (1.11–8.06)

0.030

2.20 (0.43–11.29)

0.343

 Cadre

  Clinician (reference)

    

  Nurse/midwife

1.00 (0.62–1.63)

0.990

0.49 (0.26–0.93)

0.029

  Other staff

0.87 (0.50–1.52)

0.624

0.40 (0.18–0.88)

0.023

 Work hours per week

  Less than 54 h per week (reference)

    

  54+ hours per week

0.51 (0.35–0.74)

0.000

0.40 (0.23–0.70)

0.001

 Years in cadre

  0 to 10 years

    

  11+ years

1.27 (0.86–1.87)

0.228

0.77 (0.44–1.36)

0.372

 Years at the facility

  0 to 7 years

    

  8+ years

1.32 (0.88–1.99)

0.179

0.95 (0.52–1.72)

0.858

 Routinely provides FP services

  No (reference)

    

  Yes

2.02 (1.30–3.13)

0.002

1.19 (0.61–2.33)

0.614

 FP ever-training PCA scorea

  Low (reference)

    

  High

1.70 (1.16–2.49)

0.007

1.53 (0.85–2.74)

0.153

 FP recent-training PCA scorea

  Low (reference)

    

  High

1.70 (1.14–2.53)

0.009

1.28 (0.71–2.28)

0.412

 FP Practice PCA Scorea

  Low (reference)

    

  High

1.64 (1.11–2.41)

0.013

1.72 (0.95–3.09)

0.071

 Perception in-service training has helped job performance

  No (reference)

    

  Yes

2.64 (1.51–4.63)

0.001

1.75 (0.70–4.38)

0.230

 Access to electronic mentoring opportunities

  No access (reference)

    

  Access to at least 1 type (emergency call system, e-learning, teleconference)

1.88 (1.29–0.74)

0.001

2.28 (1.31–3.98)

0.004

 Job Satisfaction

  Very or a little satisfied (reference)

    

  Neutral or a little or very dissatisfied

0 .95 (0.65–1.38)

0.779

0.94 (0.54–1.64)

0.825

 Perception of adequacy of training for job duties

  No (reference)

    

  Yes

1.06 (0.70–1.60)

0.780

1.31 (0.70–2.43)

0.402

 Perception in-service training has helped job performance

  No (reference)

    

  Yes

2.64 (1.51–4.63)

0.001

1.75 (0.70–4.38)

0.230

 Perception paid fairly for job duties

  No (reference)

    

  Yes

1.43 (0.87–2.36)

0.160

0.73 (0.33–1.58)

0.421

 Displays at least one FP biasb

  No (reference)

    

  Yes

1.16 (0.78–1.71)

0.468

0.90 (0.51–1.59)

0.709

  1. aProviders were asked if they had ever received training in, had recently received training in (in the last 18 months), and if they had provided the service in the last 3 months related to the following 14 FP items: 1) counsel women about FP and contraception; 2) give an injectable; 3) insert an IU(C)D; 4) remove an IU(C)D; 5) insert an implant; 6) remove an implant; 7) perform a tubal ligation; 8) perform a vasectomy; 9) provide counseling on FP options; 10) provide counseling on the efficacy of FP methods; 11) provide counseling on the potential side effects of FP methods; 12) provide counseling on the potential warning signs of FP methods; 13) provide clinical management of FP side effects; and 14) provide FP for HIV positive women
  2. bProviders were asked if they decide whether or not to provide FP services to clients based on one or more of the following client characteristics: marital status/parental consent/partner consent/age/parity
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Reproductive Health

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