Table 2 Bivariate analysis of the significance by socio-demographic factors and the prevalence of observed indicators of mistreatment
No privacy % | No Position choice % | Woman not informed prior to vaginal exam % | Companion not allowed % | Process of labour not explained % | Reason for augmentation not explained % | Restrict food and water % | Enema % | Public shaving % | Fundal pressure % | Uterine lavage % | Manual uterus exploration % | Episiotomy % | Physical abuse % | Verbal abuse % | Mistreatment score (mean) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total N reporting mistreatment (N = 275) | 82 | 252 | 74 | 23 | 99 | 40 | 21 | 84 | 27 | 79 | 10 | 221 | 65 | 21 | 37 | Range 1–15 |
Women’s age | ||||||||||||||||
< 20 years | 18.8% | 81.3% | 25.0% | 0.0% | 18.8% | 12.5% | 0.0% | 62.5% | 6.3% | 18.8% | 0.0% | 68.8% | 43.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 4.4 |
20–35 years | 30.4% | 92.3% | 27.1% | 8.9% | 36.0% | 15.0% | 8.5% | 28.7% | 10.5% | 28.7% | 4.0% | 81.4% | 23.1% | 7.3% | 14.2% | 4.9 |
35 years or more | 33.3% | 91.7% | 25.0% | 8.3% | 58.3% | 8.3% | 0.0% | 25.0% | 0.0% | 41.7% | 0.0% | 75.0% | 8.3% | 25.0% | 16.7% | 5.1 |
Pearson Chi square | 0.59 | 0.30 | 0.97 | 0.46 | 0.10 | 0.79 | 0.28 | 0.02 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.56 | 0.42 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.26 | |
Parity | ||||||||||||||||
Primipara | 26.1% | 91.6% | 24.4% | 9.2% | 31.9% | 20.2% | 6.7% | 36.1% | 16.% | 34.5% | 5.0% | 80.7% | 45.4% | 7.6% | 16.0% | 5.2 |
Multipara | 33.1% | 91.0% | 30.3% | 8.3% | 41.4% | 10.3% | 7.6% | 24.1% | 4.8% | 25.5% | 2.8% | 78.6% | 7.6% | 8.3% | 11.7% | 4.7 |
Grandmultipara | 27.3% | 100.0% | 9.1% | 0.0% | 9.1% | 9.1% | 18.% | 54.5% | 0.0% | 9.1% | 0.0% | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 9.1% | 4.3 |
Pearson Chi square | 0.45 | 0.59 | 0.22 | 0.57 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.39 | 0.02 | 0.003 | 0.10 | 0.50 | 0.23 | < 0.001 | 0.61 | 0.55 | |
Referral status | ||||||||||||||||
Patient comes directly to this facility | 29.6% | 91.8% | 27.2% | 7.4% | 36.6% | 13.2% | 7.4% | 30.0% | 9.9% | 30.0% | 2.9% | 79.8% | 21.8% | 7.4% | 12.3% | 4.9 |
Patient referred from another facility | 31.3% | 90.6% | 25.0% | 15.6% | 31.3% | 25.0% | 9.4% | 34.4% | 9.4% | 18.8% | 9.4% | 84.4% | 37.5% | 9.4% | 21.9% | 5.0 |
Pearson Chi square | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.11 | 0.55 | 0.07 | 0.69 | 0.62 | 0.93 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.54 | 0.05 | 0.69 | 0.14 | |
Caste | ||||||||||||||||
“Scheduled caste and tribe” | 32.8% | 93.4% | 36.1% | 8.2% | 39.3% | 13.1% | 9.8% | 27.9% | 6.6% | 34.4% | 1.6% | 78.7% | 19.7% | 11.5% | 13.1% | 5.0 |
“Other backward caste” | 28.1% | 92.2% | 24.2% | 6.5% | 35.3% | 13.1% | 8.5% | 30.1% | 10.5% | 24.2% | 3.9% | 82.4% | 20.3% | 6.5% | 15.0% | 4.8 |
“General caste” | 31.1% | 88.5% | 24.6% | 13.1% | 34.4% | 19.7% | 3.3% | 34.4% | 11.5% | 34.4% | 4.9% | 77.0% | 36.1% | 6.6% | 9.8% | 4.9 |
Pearson Chi square | 0.77 | 0.58 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.82 | 0.44 | 0.33 | 0.72 | 0.61 | 0.18 | 0.60 | 0.63 | 0.04 | 0.44 | 0.60 | |
Socio-economic status | ||||||||||||||||
1st quintile (lowest) | 41.1% | 89.3% | 42.9% | 7.1% | 46.4% | 17.9% | 5.4% | 25.0% | 8.9% | 30.4% | 0.0% | 83.9% | 10.7% | 3.6% | 12.5% | 4.9 |
2nd quintile | 27.8% | 90.7% | 37.0% | 3.7% | 33.3% | 11.1% | 7.4% | 29.6% | 3.7% | 27.8% | 5.6% | 74.1% | 16.7% | 14.8% | 20.4% | 4.8 |
3rd quintile | 23.6% | 96.4% | 18.2% | 5.5% | 43.6% | 12.7% | 12.7% | 38.2% | 5.5% | 20.0% | 9.1% | 74.5% | 25.5% | 3.6% | 7.3% | 4.7 |
4th quintile | 32.7% | 92.7% | 21.8% | 5.5% | 32.7% | 12.7% | 7.3% | 20.0% | 5.5% | 30.9% | 3.6% | 83.6% | 21.8% | 10.9% | 16.4% | 4.8 |
5th quintile (highest) | 23.6% | 89.1% | 14.5% | 20.0% | 23.6% | 18.2% | 5.5% | 40.0% | 25.5% | 34.5% | 0.0% | 85.5% | 43.6% | 5.5% | 10.9% | 5.1 |
Pearson Chi square | 0.22 | 0.62 | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.76 | 0.59 | 0.11 | 0.001 | 0.53 | 0.05 | 0.37 | 0.001 | 0.10 | 0.31 | |
Delivery by qualified attendants * | ||||||||||||||||
Unqualified attendants | 30.2% | 93.2% | 32.7% | 4.9% | 36.4% | 15.4% | 9.3% | 28.4% | 6.2% | 29.0% | 1.9% | 78.4% | 17.3% | 9.9% | 16.0% | 4.8 |
Qualified attendants | 29.2% | 89.4% | 18.6% | 13.3% | 35.4% | 13.3% | 5.3% | 33.6% | 15.0% | 28.3% | 6.2% | 83.2% | 32.7% | 4.4% | 9.7% | 4.9 |
Pearson Chi square | 0.85 | 0.26 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.86 | 0.62 | 0.23 | 0.35 | 0.02 | 0.90 | 0.06 | 0.33 | 0.003 | 0.09 | 0.13 | |
Admission during work hours# | ||||||||||||||||
Within work hours | 31.9% | 90.9% | 28.0% | 9.1% | 36.2% | 15.0% | 7.1% | 32.3% | 10.6% | 30.7% | 3.9% | 80.7% | 24.8% | 7.9% | 13.8% | 5.0 |
Out of hours | 4.8% | 100.0% | 14.3% | 0.0% | 33.3% | 9.5% | 14.3% | 9.5% | 0.0% | 4.8% | 0.0% | 76.2% | 9.5% | 4.8% | 9.5% | 3.7 |
Pearson Chi square | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.79 | 0.50 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.62 | 0.11 | 0.61 | 0.58 | |
Admission during weekends? | ||||||||||||||||
Admission during weekdays | 30.8% | 90.0% | 23.7% | 10.0% | 32.7% | 14.2% | 7.1% | 34.6% | 11.% | 29.4% | 4.7% | 82.0% | 26.5% | 8.5% | 14.7% | 5.0 |
Admission during weekends. | 26.6% | 96.9% | 37.5% | 3.1% | 46.9% | 15.6% | 9.4% | 17.2% | 4.7% | 26.6% | 0.0% | 75.0% | 14.1% | 4.7% | 9.4% | 4.6 |
Pearson Chi square | 0.52 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.78 | 0.55 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.66 | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.31 | 0.28 | |
Sector | ||||||||||||||||
Public sector | 35.5% | 91.0% | 30.8% | 6.2% | 38.9% | 14.7% | 7.1% | 28.9% | 6.2% | 31.3% | 2.8% | 78.2% | 21.8% | 9.5% | 15.2% | 4.9 |
Private sector | 10.9% | 93.8% | 14.1% | 15.6% | 26.6% | 14.1% | 9.4% | 35.9% | 21.% | 20.3% | 6.3% | 87.5% | 29.7% | 1.6% | 7.8% | 4.7 |
Pearson Chi square | < 0.01 | 0.49 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.90 | 0.55 | 0.29 | < 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.13 | |