Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population
From: Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of caesarean birth in Malawi
Characteristics | 2004 | 2010 | 2015 | 2004—2015 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 6795 | N = 4474 | N = 4363 | N = 15,732 | |||||||||
n | (%) | SE | n | (%) | SE | n | (%) | SE | n | (%) | SE | |
Mode of delivery | ||||||||||||
Vaginal delivery | 6558 | (96.5) | 0.3 | 4349 | (95.3) | 0.4 | 4061 | (93.8) | 0.5 | 14,968 | (95.4) | 0.2 |
Caesarian delivery | 237 | (3.5) | 0.3 | 225 | (4.7) | 0.4 | 302 | (6.2) | 0.5 | 764 | (4.6) | 0.2 |
BMI category (kg/m) | ||||||||||||
Underweight (< 18.5) | 485 | (7.1) | 0.4 | 272 | (6.2) | 0.5 | 224 | (5.1) | 0.4 | 981 | (6.3) | 0.3 |
Normal (18.5–24.9) | 5432 | (79.5) | 0.6 | 3424 | (74.3) | 0.9 | 3174 | (73.6) | 0.9 | 12,030 | (76.3) | 0.5 |
Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 743 | (11.4) | 0.5 | 599 | (13.3) | 0.6 | 736 | (16.3) | 0.7 | 2078 | (13.3) | 0.4 |
Obese (≥30) | 135 | (2.0) | 2.0 | 279 | (6.2) | 0.5 | 229 | (5.0) | 0.4 | 643 | (4.1) | 0.2 |
Sex of the child | ||||||||||||
Male | 3485 | (51.1) | 0.7 | 2295 | (49.7) | 1.0 | 2176 | (49.4) | 0.9 | 7956 | (50.2) | 0.5 |
Female | 3310 | (48.9) | 0.7 | 2279 | (50.3) | 1.0 | 2187 | (50.6) | 0.9 | 7776 | (49.8) | 0.5 |
Maternal age (years) | ||||||||||||
15–19 | 462 | (6.8) | 0.4 | 260 | (5.7) | 0.4 | 281 | (6.8) | 0.5 | 1003 | (6.5) | 0.3 |
20–24 | 2196 | (32.5) | 0.7 | 1225 | (27.2) | 0.8 | 1283 | (29.4) | 0.9 | 4704 | (30.1) | 0.5 |
25–29 | 1735 | (25.8) | 0.6 | 1307 | (29.4) | 0.9 | 1094 | (24.6) | 0.8 | 4136 | (26.5) | 0.4 |
30–34 | 1100 | (16.0) | 0.5 | 829 | (17.2) | 0.7 | 856 | (20.1) | 0.8 | 2785 | (17.5) | 0.4 |
35–49 | 1302 | (18.9) | 0.6 | 953 | (20.5) | 0.8 | 849 | (19.2) | 0.7 | 3104 | (19.4) | 0.4 |
Mother’s educational level | ||||||||||||
No formal education | 1732 | (24.9) | 0.9 | 750 | (16.8) | 0.8 | 525 | (12.7) | 0.6 | 3007 | (19.2) | 0.5 |
Primary | 4288 | (63.1) | 0.8 | 3131 | (66.9) | 0.9 | 2779 | (65.6) | 0.9 | 10,198 | (64.6) | 0.5 |
Secondary or higher | 775 | (12.0) | 0.6 | 693 | (16.3) | 0.8 | 1059 | (22.7) | 0.8 | 2527 | (16.2) | 0.5 |
Household wealth | ||||||||||||
Poorest | 1292 | (18.9) | 0.7 | 967 | (19.7) | 0.9 | 918 | (23.5) | 0.8 | 3177 | (20.5) | 0.5 |
Poor | 1493 | (21.3) | 0.8 | 989 | (21.5) | 0.8 | 927 | (22.1) | 0.9 | 3409 | (21.6) | 0.5 |
Middle | 1584 | (22.5) | 0.7 | 1029 | (21.1) | 0.8 | 850 | (19.1) | 0.7 | 3463 | (21.1) | 0.4 |
Richer | 1374 | (20.1) | 0.7 | 903 | (18.5) | 0.7 | 820 | (18.0) | 0.8 | 3097 | (19.1) | 0.4 |
Richest | 1052 | (17.1) | 1.2 | 686 | (19.1) | 1.1 | 848 | (17.3) | 0.7 | 2586 | (17.8) | 0.7 |
Parity | ||||||||||||
1 | 1263 | (19.3) | 0.6 | 706 | (16.3) | 0.6 | 965 | (22.2) | 0.8 | 2934 | (19.2) | 0.4 |
2–3 | 2487 | (37.0) | 0.7 | 1668 | (40.0) | 0.9 | 1731 | (39.5) | 1.0 | 5886 | (38.0) | 0.5 |
4–5 | 1609 | (23.0) | 0.6 | 1212 | (25.7) | 0.8 | 1010 | (23.3) | 0.8 | 3831 | (23.9) | 0.4 |
≥ 6 | 1436 | (20.7) | 0.6 | 988 | (20.0) | 0.7 | 657 | (14.9) | 0.7 | 3081 | (18.9) | 0.4 |
Number of ANC visits | ||||||||||||
< 4 | 2839 | (41.8) | 0.8 | 2540 | (54.2) | 0.9 | 2125 | (48.3) | 1.0 | 7504 | (47.3) | 0.5 |
≥ 4 | 3956 | (58.2) | 0.8 | 2034 | (45.8) | 0.9 | 2238 | (51.7) | 1.0 | 8228 | (52.7) | 0.5 |
Smoking | ||||||||||||
No | 6776 | (99.8) | 0.1 | 4554 | (99.5) | 0.1 | 4337 | (99.5) | 0.1 | 15,667 | (99.6) | 0.1 |
Yes | 19 | (0.2) | 0.1 | 20 | (0.5) | 0.1 | 26 | (0.5) | 0.1 | 65 | (0.4) | 0.1 |
Place of residence | ||||||||||||
Urban | 761 | (13.8) | 1.5 | 489 | (16.0) | 1.0 | 763 | (14.3) | 0.6 | 2013 | (14.6) | 0.9 |
Rural | 6034 | (86.2) | 1.5 | 4085 | (84.0) | 1.0 | 3600 | (85.7) | 0.6 | 13,719 | (85.4) | 0.9 |
Geographical region | ||||||||||||
Northern | 897 | (13.2) | 1.1 | 798 | (11.2) | 0.7 | 797 | (11.2) | 0.4 | 2492 | (12.1) | 0.7 |
Central | 2486 | (39.5) | 1.7 | 1591 | (43.8) | 1.2 | 1534 | (43.2) | 0.8 | 5611 | (41.8) | 1.0 |
Southern | 3412 | (47.3) | 1.7 | 2185 | (45.0) | 1.1 | 2032 | (45.6) | 0.8 | 7629 | (46.1) | 1.0 |