Table 3 Multivariate Logistic Regression for Maternal Obesity and the Risk of Caesarian Section
From: Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of caesarean birth in Malawi
Characteristics | 2004 | 2010 | 2015 | 2004—2015 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AORs | 95% (CI) | AORs | 95% (CI) | AORs | 95% (CI) | AORs | 95% (CI) | |
BMI category (kg/m2) | ||||||||
Underweight (< 18.5) | 1.04 | (0.61–1.76) | 0.53 | (0.24–1.15) | 0.77 | (0.38–1.55) | 0.78 | (0.54–1.12) |
Normal (18.5–24.9) | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 1.25 | (0.83–1.87) | 1.19 | (0.80–1.77) | 1.36 | (1.01–1.83) c | 1.35 | (1.10–1.65) b |
Obese (≥30) | 2.15 | (1.12–4.11) c | 1.66 | (1.08–2.55) c | 2.18 | (1.48–3.21) a | 2.16 | (1.65–2.84) a |
Sex of the child | ||||||||
Male | 1.10 | (0.84–1.43) | 1.11 | (0.84–1.48) | 1.19 | (0.93–1.51) | 1.13 | (0.97–1.30) |
Female | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Maternal age (years) | ||||||||
18–19 | 1.37 | (0.61–3.08) | 0.28 | (0.11–0.70) b | 0.57 | (0.26–1.22) | 0.55 | (0.35–0.87) c |
20–24 | 1.03 | (0.51–2.09) | 0.53 | (0.27–1.02) | 0.66 | (0.37–1.19) | 0.61 | (0.42–0.88) b |
25–29 | 1.15 | (0.63–2.11) | 0.71 | (0.39–1.30) | 0.99 | (0.58–1.67) | 0.86 | (0.62–1.19) |
30–34 | 1.27 | (0.74–2.17) | 0.55 | (0.32–0.95) c | 1.07 | (0.67–1.73) | 0.94 | (0.70–1.27) |
35–49 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Mother’s educational level | ||||||||
No formal education | 0.48 | (0.29–0.81) b | 0.41 | (0.22–0.77) b | 0.67 | (0.38–1.17) | 0.47 | (0.35–0.64) a |
Primary | 0.61 | (0.42–0.89) c | 0.67 | (0.47–0.96) c | 0.87 | (0.65–1.17) | 0.69 | (0.57–0.83) b |
Secondary or higher | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Household wealth | ||||||||
Poorest | 0.92 | (0.55–1.52) | 0.60 | (0.36–0.99) c | 0.57 | (0.36–0.91) c | 0.72 | (0.54–0.94) c |
Poor | 0.71 | (0.42–1.19) | 0.55 | (0.35–0.92) c | 0.47 | (0.30–0.73) c | 0.59 | (0.45–0.78) b |
Middle | 0.65 | (0.40–1.06) | 0.55 | (0.34–0.87) c | 0.66 | (0.45–0.98) c | 0.63 | (0.49–0.82) b |
Richer | 0.82 | (0.52–1.28) | 0.74 | (0.50–1.10) | 0.71 | (0.50–1.00) | 0.77 | (0.61–0.96) c |
Richest | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Parity | ||||||||
1 | 1.98 | (0.91–4.12) | 3.71 | (1.76–7.83) b | 3.11 | (1.51–6.43) b | 3.18 | (2.10–4.81) a |
2–3 | 1.10 | (0.57–2.09) | 1.65 | (0.86–3.17) | 1.87 | (0.97–3.58) | 1.70 | (1.19–2.42) b |
4–5 | 1.04 | (0.61–1.73) | 0.96 | (0.54–1.70) | 1.11 | (0.63–1.98) | 1.09 | (0.80–1.49) |
≥ 6 | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Number of ANC visits | ||||||||
Inadequate | 0.56 | (0.42–0.76) a | 0.75 | (0.58–0.98) c | 0.76 | (0.58–0.99) c | 0.72 | (0.62–0.84) a |
Adequate | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Smoking | ||||||||
No | 0.45 | (0.06–3.50) | 1.21 | (0.16–9.13) | 1.53 | (0.17–13.8) | 0.90 | (0.27–3.05) |
Yes | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Place of residence | ||||||||
Urban | 1.05 | (0.70–1.58) | 0.96 | (0.64–1.42) | 1.37 | (1.00–1.87) c | 1.18 | (0.96–1.45) |
Rural | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Geographical region | ||||||||
Northern | 1.36 | (0.95–1.96) | 1.01 | (0.70–1.45) | 1.74 | (1.27–2.39) b | 1.40 | (1.15–1.70) b |
Central | 0.98 | (0.73–1.33) | 0.83 | (0.60–1.14) | 1.16 | (0.87–1.55) | 1.00 | (0.84–1.19) |
Southern | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |