Table 1 description of observational studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis

Sapkota et al. 2016, Nepal [47]

To estimate the magnitude of different forms of domestic violence and identify its associated factors

Cross-sectional

Married women (15–49 years)

Systematic random sampling

NR

The prevalence of lifetime and current physical IPV were 29.6 and 15.2%, respectively. While sexual IPV was 6.8 and 2.3%, and psychological IPV was 31.0 and 18.3%. The overall lifetime and current IPV were 38.6 and 23.1%., respectively. Furthermore, concurrent IPV was12.4%. Husband’s controlling behavior and having poor mental health were found to be at higher risk of IPV.

Domestic/ IPV is still rampant in the society with several forms. Differentials power in relationship and poor mental health was found to be positively associated with violent episodes.

Fikree F. et al., 2006, Pakistan [48]

To assess the magnitude and determinants of IPV before and during pregnancy

Cross-sectional

Pregnant women (15–49 years)

Systematic sampling

NR

Women’s lifetime physical and sexual IPV were 44 and 36%, respectively. Women who were ever physically abused and all reported verbal abuse. Wife’s education and duration of marriage were significantly associated to violence. 55% of the women believed that antenatal care clinics were a good time to enquire about IPV.

Almost one million Pakistani women are physically abused at least once in lifetime. RH stakeholders should be encouraged to advocate for domestic violence screening

Semahegn et al., 2013. Ethiopia [49]

To determine magnitude of domestic violence and identify its predictors

Cross-sectional

married women (15–49 years)

Systematic sampling

100%

The prevalence of DVAW was 78.0%. Psychological, physical and sexual violence were 73.3, 58.4 and 49.1%, respectively. Husband alcohol consumption, being pregnant, low decision making power and annual income were predictors of domestic violence

Awareness creation to avoid traditional gender norm, and support wife via integrating with community health program.

Ali et al., 2014. Sudan [50]

To investigate level and factors associated with VAW

Cross-sectional

Women (15–49 years)

Multistage sampling

The prevalence of physical, psychological and sexual violence was 33.5, 30.1 and 47.6%. Husband education, polygamous marriage, and alcohol consumption were significantly associate factors.

The prevalence of domestic VAW is high in eastern Sudan.

Hayati et al. 2011, Indonesia [51]

To examine associations between IPV and husbands, psychosocial, behavior, attitudes and gender roles

Longitudinal

Women (15–49 years)

Random sampling

NR

Lifetime exposure to sexual and physical IPV were 22 and 11%. Sexual IPV was associated with husbands’ age (less than 35 years and educated less than 9 years). Exposure to physical violence was strongly associated with husbands’ being unfaithful, using alcohol, fighting, having childhood witnessed and the attitudes and norms expressed by the women confirm that unequal gender relationships.

Women who did not support the right of women to refuse sex were more likely to experience physical IPV. Those who justified wife-beating were more likely to experience sexual IPV. Women’s risk of IPV is due to traditional gender-norms.

Doku and Asante, 2015. Ghana [52]

investigates factors that influence women approval of domestic physical violence

Longitudinal survey

Women (15–49 years)

Two stage sampling

NR

IPV was 39%. Women aged (< 34 years) were more likely to approve physical IPV than aged 35 years and above. Women with no education (OR = 3.1, CI:2.4–3.9), primary education (OR = 2.6, CI:2.1–3.3) and secondary education (OR = 1.8, CI:1.4–2.2) had higher risk to physical IPV than women who had secondary education or higher. Women belonging Muslims (OR = 1.5, CI:1.3–1.8) and traditional believer (OR = 1.7, CI:1.2–2.4) were more likely to physical VAW. Women in the richest, rich and middle wealth index were less likely to physical VAW of wives compared to the poorest.

Interventions and policies should be geared at contextualizing intimate partner violence in terms of the justification of this behavior, as this can play an important role in perpetration and victimization.

Dalal K et al., 2014, Nepal [53]

To examines the associated factors at various level of the victims of IPVAW

Cross-sectional

Women (15–49 years)

Multistage sampling

NR

IPV was 32.4%. Emotional, physical and sexual IPV were 17.5, 23.4 and 14.7%, respectively. Joint decision making for contraception, husband’s non-controlling behavior and friendly feelings were emerged as less likely to be IPV.

The findings have immense policy importance as a nationally representative study and indicating necessity of more gender equality.

Sambisa W. et al., 2011 Bangladesh [54]

explored the prevalence and correlates of past-year physical VAW

a population-based survey

Women (15–49 years)

multi-stage cluster sampling

The current physical IPV was 31%. The risk of physical IPV was lower among older women, women with post-primary education and belonging to rich households and women whose husband considered their opinion in decision-making. Women were at higher risk of abuse if they lived in slums, had many children and approved wife beating norms.

Physical IPV in urban Bangladesh demonstrating the seriousness of multifaceted phenomenon as a social and public health issue that needs a comprehensive intervention strategies.

Abate et al. 2016. Ethiopia [27]

To assess the prevalence and associated factors of IPV during recent pregnancy

Cross-sectional

women (15–49 years)

Simple random sampling

94.3

The prevalence of IPV was 44.5%. More than half (55.5%) experienced all three forms of IPV. The joint occurrence of IPV was 56.5%. Dowry payment decreases IPV (AOR 0.09, 95% CI 0.04, 0.2) and pregnant women whose marriage didn’t undergo marriage ceremony were 79% were less likely to experience IPV (AOR 0.21, 95% CI: 0.1, 0.44).

Increasing community awareness about the consequences of the practice could be important through community health workers.

Rapp et al., 2012, Bangladesh & India DHS [55]

To investigate the association between spousal education gap and domestic violence

Population based surveys (DHS)

Married women (15–49 years)

Multi stage random sampling

NR

IPV was 52.1% in Bangladesh and 69.7% in India. Wives with higher education than their husband were less likely experience violence as compared with equal or less education. Equally high educated couples raveled the lowest likelihood of experiencing domestic violence.

Further research should be done to reveal unknown determinants so that suitable interventions to reduce DV can be developed

Dhakal L et al., 2014. Nepal [14]

To examine the relationships between IPV and STIs

Cross-sectional DHS survey

Women (15–49 years)

Two stage stratified cluster sampling

NR

Approximately 15% of married women experienced some form of IPV. The odds of getting STI were 1.88 [95% CI:1.29, 2.73] times higher among women exposed to any form of IPV in compared to women not exposed to any form of IPV

IPV was common issue. Integration of IPV prevention and RH programs is needed to reduce the burden of STIs.

Rahman M, 2015. Bangladeshi [38]

To assess the association between IPV and TOP among married women

Population based survey (DHS)

Married pregnant women (15–49 years)

A stratified, multistage cluster sample

NR

The experience of IPV was 31.4%. The experience of sexual and physical IPV were 13.4 and 25.8%, respectively. Physical IPV was significantly associated with both TOP ever (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.05–1.77) and TOP in last 5 years (OR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.11–2.06).

Prevention of IPV which was associated with pregnancy termination may reduce the high incidence of termination of pregnancies in Bangladesh.

Tumwesigye et al. 2012 Uganda [56]

To assess the pattern and levels of PIPVAW and its associated factors

(UDHS 2006)

Women (15–49 years)

Two stage cluster systematic sampling

99.7%

Physical IPV was 48%. Women whose partner got drunk often were 6 times more likely report PIPV (95% CI: 4.6, 8.3) as compared with never drunk. The higher the education level of women the less likelihood of experience of IPV.

IPV preventive measure should address reduction of drinking among men, empowerment of women via education, employment and increased income.

Yigzaw T et al., 2004. Ethiopia [25]

To assess the prevalence of domestic violence and associated factors

Cross-sectional

Women (15–49 years)

Systematic sampling

NR

IPV was 50.8%. Physical violence was found to be 32.2%, while that of forced sex and physical intimidation amounted to 19.2 and 35.7%, respectively. Exposure to parental violence as a girl was the strongest risk factor for being victim of violence later in life while alcohol consumption was the major attribute of IPV.

IPV is highly prevalent. Its prevention should be comprehensive and multi-faceted. Women prefer educational approach to minimize IPV through IEC, empowerment and legal reform.

Delamou et al., 2015, Guinea [57]

To describe the prevalence and correlates of IPV Family Planning users

cross-sectional study

Women (15–49 years)

All women who attend the clinic

NR

Lifetime, IPV was 92%. Where, psychological, sexual and physical IPV were 79.3, 68.1 and 48.4%, respectively. Joint occurrence IPV was 24%. IPV was higher in women with secondary level of education than higher level of education (AOR: 8.4; 95% CI 1.2–58.5).

A holistic approach that includes promotion of women’s rights and gender equality, existence of laws and policies is needed to prevent and respond to IPV.

Kabir Z et al., 2014 Bangladeshi [58]

To investigate the association between IPV and maternal depression

Longitudinal study

Women (15–49 years)

Convenient

NR

Prevalence of physical, sexual and emotional IPV were 52, 65 and 84%, respectively. The husband’s education (OR: 0.41, CI: 0.230.73) and a poor relationship with the husband (OR: 2.64, CI: 1.076.54) were significantly associated with IPVAW.

It is important to screen for both IPV and depressive symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum.

Kazaura et al., 2016. Tanzania [59]

To determine the magnitude of IPV and associated factors

Cross section

Women (15–49 years)

Systematic sampling

NR

The lifetime IPV was 65% with 34, 18 and 21% reporting current emotional, physical and sexual violence, respectively. The prevalence of women perpetration to physical IPV was above 10% regardless to their exposure to emotional, physical or sexual IPV.

IPV towards women was high. Based on hypothesis of IPV and HIV co-existence, there should be strategies to address the problem of IPV especially among women

Kouyoumdjian et al.2013, Uganda [60]

To identify risk factors for IPV in women of the reproductive age in Rakai district of Uganda

Rakai community Cohort (2000–2009)

Women (15–49 years)

Cluster sampling

NR

Lifetime and current IPV were 49.8 and 29.0%, respectively. The risk of IPV associated with sexual abuse during young age, early age of first sex, lower level of education, forced first sex, relationship of short duration, having partner of same age or younger, alcohol use and thinking that violence is acceptable.

These findings are useful for the development of prevention strategies to prevent and mitigate IPV in women.

Rahman et al. 2012, Bangladeshi [41]

To explore the association between IPV and use of RH care

DHS, 2007

Married women (15–49 years)

multi-stage cluster sampling

NR

Physical IPV was 48%. Sexual IPV violence was 18.7, and 14.1% was experienced both physical and sexual IPV. Maternal experience of IPV was associated with low use of receiving sufficient ANC.

There is an association between exposure to IPV and lower use of reproductive health care services

Deyessa N. et al., 2010 Ethiopia [61]

To explore VAW in a low-income setting

Cross-sectional

Women (15–49 years)

simple random sampling

NR

Women had beliefs and norms favoring VAW, living in rural and illiterate women were more likely to experience VAW. Literate rural women who were married to an illiterate spouse had the highest odds of IPV (AOR, 3.4; 95% CI: 1.76.9).

Semi-urban lifestyle and literacy promote changes in attitudes and norms against IPV.

Karamagi et al., 2006. Uganda [62]

To determine prevalence of IPV and identify risk factors

Cross-sectional

Women (15–49 years)

Cluster survey method

NR

The life time and current IPV were 54 and 14%, respectively. Women having higher education and satisfied marriage were associated with low risk of IPV, while alcohol consumption, rural residence and husband having multiple sexual partner were associated with high risk of IP.

IPV is linked with gender inequality, alcohol, poverty and multiple sexual partner. Programs for the prevention of IPV need to target these underlying factors.

Das et al.2013 India [63]

To describe the level of IPV and its social determinants

Cross sectional

Women (15–49 years

NR

The prevalence of IPV was 15% in which physical, sexual and psychological IPV were 12, 2 and 8%, respectively. Almost one- third (35%) of IPV was justifiable. The experience of IPV was associated with poorer families and husband alcohol use.

The element of violence are mutually reinforcing and need to be taken into account collectively and framing public health initiatives.

Burgos-Soto J. et al., 2014. Togo [35]

To describe the effect of IPV on care-seeking behaviors of women

Cross-sectional

Women (15–49 years)

Systematic sampling

NR

Lifetime physical and sexual IPV among HIV-infected women were significantly higher than among uninfected women (63.1 vs. 39.3% and 69.7 vs. 35.3%). IPV was strongly associated with male partner multi-partnership, early start of sexual life and gender submissive attitudes.

IPV screening should be carried out at health-care settings. Couple-oriented HIV prevention interventions and couple dynamics in terms of IPV is needed.

Yimer T. et al., 2014. Ethiopia [64]

To assess the magnitude of domestic violence and its associated factors among pregnant women

Cross-sectional

Women (15–49 years)

multistage sampling

97.9%

IPV was 32.2%. Psychological, sexual, and physical IPV were 24.9, 14.8, and 11.3%, respectively. Married women (≤15 years) (AOR, 4.2,95%CI;1.9–9.0); childhood witness (AOR = 2.3,95%CI;1.1–4.8), having drinker partner (AOR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.6–7.4), and undesired pregnancy by partner (AOR = 6.2, 95% CI 3.2–12.1) were the main significant factors.

Domestic violence during current pregnancy is high which may lead to a serious health consequence both on the mothers and on their fetus.

Dalal K et al., 2013. Bangladeshi [65]

to examine the associations between microfinance programme membership and IPV

Cross-sectional

Married women (15–49 years).

NR

Physical IPV was 48%. For women with secondary or higher education, and women at the two wealthiest levels of the wealth index, microfinance programmes membership increased the exposure to IPV. Educated women who were more equal with their spouses in their family relationships in decision-making increased their exposure to IPV.

Microfinance plans are associated with an increased exposure to IPV among educated and empowered women.

Eme T Owoaj et al., 2012, Nigeria [66]

To determine the prevalence of physical violence and the factors predisposing women in a low-income community

Cross-sectional

Women (15–49 years)

cluster sampling

98.6%

The prevalence of lifetime experience of physical IPV was 28.2%. The significant predictors for physical IPV were previous experience of psychological abuse (aOR: 4.71; 95% CI: 3.23–6.85); sexual abuse (aOR: 5.18; 3.21–8.36); having attitudes supportive of IPV (aOR: 1.75; 1.2–2.4); partner’s daily alcohol consumption (aOR: 2.85; 1.50–5.41); and previous engagement in a physical fight (aOR: 3.49; 1.87–6.50).

Community based IPV prevention programmes targeted at breaking the cycle of abuse, transforming gender norms which support IPV and reducing alcohol consumption should be developed

Laisser et al. 2011. Tanzania [67]

To explore community members’ understanding and their responses to IPV.

Ground theory/qualitative study

Community members

Purposive sampling

NR

Moving from frustration to inquiring traditional gender norms that denoted a community in transition where the effects of IPV had started to fuel a wish for change. Justified as part of male prestige illustrates how masculinity prevails to justify violence. Results in “emotional entrapment” shows the shame and self-blame that is often the result of a violent relationship.

Raising of the human rights perspective, as well as actively engaging men, re-enforcement of legal rights, and provision of adequate medical and social welfare services.

Deribe K et al., 2012 (Ethiopia) [68]

to assess the magnitude of IPV in Southwest Ethiopia in predominantly rural community

Cross-sectional

Women (15–49 years)

Systematic sampling

100%

The lifetime prevalence of sexual or physical IPV, or both was 64.7%. The lifetime sexual and physical violence were 50.1 and 41.1%, respectively. 41.5% of women experienced physical and sexual IPV concurrently, in the past year. Men who were controlling were more likely to be violent against their partner.

Physical and sexual VAW is common. Interventions targeting controlling men might help in reducing IPV.

Antai and Adaji, 2012. Nigeria [40]

To examine the role of community-level norms and association between IPV and TOP

cross-sectional study

Women (15-49 years)

Multistage cluster sampling

IPV was 22% (physical, sexual and emotional IPV were 15, 3 and 14%, respectively). IPV types were significantly associated with factors reflecting relationship control, relationship inequalities, and educational level, justified wife beating, age of first marriage, and contraceptive use.

Further research recommended on IPV screening on pregnancy terminated site.

Kapiga et al.2017 Tanzania [69]

known about the prevalence of this type of behavior and other related abuses in Tanzania

Cross sectional (baseline for RESPECT RCT study)

Women (15–49 years

Random sampling

97.3%

Lifetime and current IPV were 61 and 27%, respectively. Lifetime economic abuse and current emotional abuse were 34 and 39%, respectively. Age and socio-economic status, physical violence (OR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.3–2.7) and sexual violence (OR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.9–4.1) were associated with increased poor mental health.

The high prevalence of IPV and its strong links with symptoms of poor mental health underline the urgent need for developing and testing appropriate interventions to tackle both IPV and abusive behaviors.

Feseha et al.2012. Ethiopia [70]

to assess the magnitude of intimate partner physical violence and associated factors.

Cross-sectional

Women (15–49 years)

Simple random sampling

100%

The current physical IPV and lifetime were 25.5 and 31.0%, respectively. Significant risk factors associated with experiencing physical IPV were being a farmer (AOR, 3.0, 95%CI: 1.7, 5.5), knowing women in neighborhood whose husband to beat them (AOR, 1.87, 95%CI: 1.0, 3.5), Muslim (AOR, 2.4, 95%C.I: 1.107, 5.5), and having a drunkard partner (AOR = 2.1, 95%C.I:1.0, 4.5).

Physical IPV is serious problem among women. Multifaceted interventions such as male counseling, increasing awareness on the consequences of IPV and the effect of substance use like alcohol will help to reduce IPV.

Osinde et al., 2011. Uganda [71]

To assess the prevalence and factors associated with IPV among HIV infected women attending HIV care in Kabale Hospital, Uganda.

Cross-sectional

Women (15–49 years)

Simple SRS

NR

The prevalence of lifetime and current IPV were 36.6 and 29.3%, respectively. The prevalence physical and sexual were 17.6 and 12.1%, respectively. There was a significant but inverse association between education level and physical IPV (ARR, 0.50, 95% CI: 0.31–0.82), and sexual/psychological IPV (ARR, 0.47; 95%CI: 0.25–0.87). Likewise, there was a significant inverse association between education level of the spouse and IPV (ARR, 0.57, 95% CI 0.25–0.90). Use of ART was associated with any type of IPV (ARR 3.0. 95%CI 1.2–8.5).

Most of HIV positive women experienced IPV. Likewise, women who were taking antiretroviral drugs for HIV treatment were more likely to report any type of IPV. The implication of these findings is that women living with HIV especially those on antiretroviral drugs should be routinely screened for IPV.

Yigzaw T et al. 2010. Ethiopia [72]

To assess community perceptions and attitude towards violence against women by their spouses Methods

Qualitative

Key informant

Purposive

NR

The normative expectation that conflicts are inevitable in marriage makes it difficult for society to reject violence. Acts of VAW represent unacceptable behavior according to existing social and gender norms when there is no justification for the act and the act causes severe harm. There is considerable permissiveness of violent acts. Marital rape is not understood well and there is less willingness to condemn it.

There is insufficient understanding of VAW and many people hold a non-disapproving stance regarding violence against women by their spouses calling for a culturally sensitive information, education and communication intervention.

Uthman OA, et al., 2011. Nigeria [73]

To develop and test a model of individual- and community-level factors of IPV

Cross-sectional study (NDHS 2008)

Women (15–49 years)

Stratified multistage cluster sampling

NR

Physical, sexual and emotional IPV were 10.4, 2.3 and 14.3%, respectively. Childhood witnessed, tolerant attitudes towards IPV and women with tolerant attitudes and community with tolerant attitudes were more likely to have reported IPV.

Public health interventions designed to reduce IPVAW must address people and the communities’ tolerant attitude in which they live in order to be successful.

Bamiwuye and Odimegwu, 2014, 6 SSA countries [74]

To examine whether women from poor households are more likely to experience violence from husband than other women who are from middle or rich households.

Cross-sectional studies (DHSs)

Women (15–49 years)

Multistage cluster samplings

NR

The six SSA countries IPV was 40.5%. Physical, sexual or emotional) ranges from 30.5% in Nigeria, 43.4% in Zimbabwe, 45.3% in Kenya, 45.5% in Mozambique, 53.9% in Zambia and 57.6 in Cameron. The two countries (Zambia and Mozambique); the experience of violence is significantly higher among women from non-poor (rich) than (poor and middle). Other two countries (Zimbabwe and Kenya); women from poor households are more likely to have ever experienced IPV than those from non-poor households.

Experience of violence cuts across all household poverty-wealth statuses and therefore may not provide enough explanation on whether household poverty necessarily serve to facilitate the ending of violence. These results suggest that eliminating VAW in SSA requires a comprehensive approach rather than addressing household poverty-wealth alone.

Abeya et al., 2012. Ethiopia [75]

To explore the community attitude, strategies women’s suggested measures to stop VAW

Cross-sectional

Women and men (FGDs)

Purposefully

NR

Most discussants perceived, IPV is accepted in the community in circumstance of practicing extra marital sex and suspected infidelity. The suggested measures for stopping or reducing women’s violence focused on provision of education for raising awareness at all level using a variety of approaches targeting different stakeholders.

More efforts are needed to dispel myths, misconceptions, traditional norms and beliefs of the community. There is a need of amending and enforcing the existing laws and formulating the news policy.

Bazargan-Hejazia et al., 2013. Malawi [76]

To examine the lifetime prevalence of different types of IPV and its association with age, education, and residence

Cross-sectional

Women (15–49 years)

two-stage systematic sampling

NR

The prevalence of emotional, physical and sexual IPV were 13, 20 and 13%, respectively. Women (15–19 years) were significantly less likely emotional IPV, women (25–29) were significantly more likely to report being physically abused (OR 1.35; CI: 1.05–1.73), and women (30–34) were significantly more likely sexual IPV, compared to women (45–49) (OR 1.40; CI: 1.03–1.90). Women who had no ability to read were less likely to report sexual IPV than their counterparts who could read a full sentence (OR 0.76; CI: 0.66–0.87).

The prevalence of different types of IPV in Malawi appears slightly lower than that reported for other countries in SSA. Further studies are needed to assess the attitudes and behaviors of Malawi women towards acceptability and justification of IPV as well as their willingness to disclose it.

Zacarias et al.2012 Mozambique [77]

To examine the occurrence, severity, chronicity and predictors of IPV

Cross-sectional

Women (15–49 years)

Consecutive case

96.1%

The overall IPV during the past 12 months was 70.2%. Physical, psychological and sexual violence were the common IPV in Mozambique. Almost one fourth of women experienced combination of the three type of IPV.

Controlling behaviors over partner, co-occurring victimization and childhood abuse were more important factors.

Meekers et al., 2013, Bolvia [78]

To examine the relationship between IPV and mental health

Cross-sectional survey

Women (15–49 years)

Multistage sampling

NR

Life time physical and psychological IPV were 71.7 and 42.4%, respectively. Current IPV was 47%. Of these, physical, psychological and sexual IPV were 19.2, 21.1 and 6.9%, respectively.

It showed that mental health service is need for victims of IPV.

Abeya et al., 2011. Ethiopia [79]

To investigate the prevalence, patterns and associated factors of intimate partner violence against women in Western Ethiopia

Cross-sectional

Women (15–49 years)

Multistage systematic sampling

96.3

Lifetime, current and concurrent IPV were 76.5, 72.5 and 56.9%, respectively. Rural residents (AOR 0.58, 95% CI 0.34–0.98), literates (AOR 0.65, 95% CI 0.48–0.88), female headed households (AOR 0.46, 95% CI 0.27–0.76); older women (AOR 3.36, 95% CI 1.27–8.89); abduction (AOR 3.71, 95% CI 1.01–13.63), polygamy (AOR 3.79, 95% CI 1.64–0.73), spousal alcoholic consumption (AOR 1.98, 95% CI 1.213.22), spousal hostility (AOR 3.96, 95% CI 2.52–6.20), and previous witnesses of parental violence (AOR 2.00, 95% CI 1.54–2.56) were factors associated with an increased likelihood of lifetime IPV.

Three out of four women experienced at least one incident of IPV in their lifetime. This needs an urgent attention at all levels of societal hierarchy including policymakers, stakeholders and professionals to alleviate the situation.

Koenig M. et al. 2003. Ugnada [6]

To examine individual risk factors associated with recent IPV and community attitudes

Cross-sectional survey

Women (15–49 years)

Cluster sampling

NR

Overall, 40.1% of women had ever experienced psychological IPV and 30.4% of women had ever experienced physical threats or violence. The male partner’s alcohol consumption and his perceived human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk in increasing the risk of IPV.

Little progress in reducing levels of IPV is likely to be achieved without significant changes in prevailing individual and community attitudes toward IPV.

Wandera et al.2015 Uganda [80]

To investigate the association between IPSV and partner controlling behaviors

Cross-sectional survey (DHS 2011)

women (15–49 years)

Multistage cluster sampling

NR

IPV was 27%. Women’s IPV experience was higher whose partner were jealous if they talked with other men, if accused them of unfaithfulness, if their partner did not permit them to meet with people, if their partner tried to limit contacts, got drunk, and women afraid of their partner.

Interventions addressing IPSV should be place more emphasis on reducing partners controlling behaviors and the prevention of problem drinking.

Deyessa N et al., 2009, Ethiopia [81]

Cross-sectional

Women (15–49 years)

SRS

94.3%

The lifetime prevalence of any form of IPV was 72.0%. Physical violence was 49.5%.

Recommend public health strategies, interventions and service provision

Valladares E et al., 2005. Nicaragua [82]

To estimate the prevalence and characteristics of partner abuse during pregnancy

Cross-sectional

Women (15–49 years)

Cluster sampling

99.8%

The prevalence of emotional, physical, sexual and concurrent IPV were 32.4, 13.4, 6.7 and 17%, respectively. Factors such as women’s age below 20 years, poor access to social resources and high levels of emotional distress were independently associated with violence during pregnancy.

Although these women have poor access to social resources and high levels of emotional distress, they are rarely assisted by the health services.