From: Equity in maternal health outcomes in a middle-income urban setting: a cohort study
Cohort including women lost to follow up | Cohort excluding women lost to follow up | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socioeconomic status by assets | Socioeconomic status by assets | ||||||||||||
N | All | Low N = 406 | Middle N = 402 | High N = 202 | P value | N | All | Low N = 292 | Middle N = 322 | High N = 176 | P value | ||
Mean age (yr, SD) | 1.010 | 28.0 (5.1) | 27.3 (5.4) | 28.2 (4.8) | 29.0 (5.0) | 0.00 | 790 | 28.2 (5.0) | 27.5 (5.2) | 28.3 (4.7) | 28.9 (5.1) | 0.01 | |
Mean BMI at ANC booking (kg m−2, SD) | 1.000 | 25.4 (4.7) | 25.0 (4.5) | 25.6 (4.8) | 25.8 (4.7) | 0.10 | 785 | 25.5 (4.7) | 25.1 (4.5) | 25.8 (4.8) | 25.8 (4.8) | 0.18 | |
Mean gestational age at delivery (wk, SD) | 739 | 39.1 (1.9) | 39.1 (1.9) | 39.1 (1.8) | 39.1 (2.1) | 0.91 | 739 | 39.1 (1.9) | 39.1 (1.9) | 39.1 (1.8) | 39.1 (2.1) | 0.91 | |
Parity (n,%) | 0–1 | 1.010 | 724 (72) | 291 (72) | 296 (74) | 137 (68) | 0.13 | 790 | 552 (70) | 200 (69) | 233 (72) | 119 (68) | 0.43 |
2–3 | 263 (26) | 106 (26) | 101 (25) | 56 (28) | 219 (28) | 85 (29) | 84 (26) | 50 (28) | |||||
≥4 | 23 (2) | 9 (2) | 5 (1) | 9 (5) | 19 (2) | 7 (2) | 5 (2) | 7 (4) | |||||
Gestational age 1st ANC (n,%) | 1st trimester (<13w) | 1.001 | 556 (56) | 203 (51) | 231 (58) | 122 (61) | 0.02 | 785 | 423 (54) | 140 (48) | 182 (57) | 101 (58) | 0.05 |
2nd trimester (≥13w) | 445 (45) | 199 (50) | 168 (42) | 78 (39) | 362 (46) | 150 (52) | 139 (43) | 73 (42) | |||||
Area of birth (n,%) | Ghana urban | 1.010 | 795 (79) | 273 (67) | 338 (84) | 184 (91) | 0.00 | 790 | 634 (80) | 201 (69) | 271 (84) | 162 (92) | 0.00 |
Ghana rural | 196 (19) | 122 (30) | 60 (15) | 14 (7) | 142 (18) | 85 (29) | 47 (15) | 10 (6) | |||||
West African country | 19 (2) | 11 (3 | 4 (1) | 4 (2) | 14 (2) | 6 (2) | 4 (1) | 4 (2) | |||||
Area of residence (n,%) | Accra metropolitan | 1.010 | 788 (78) | 322 (79) | 307 (76) | 159 (79) | 0.15 | 790 | 619 (78) | 235 (81) | 247 (77) | 137 (78) | 0.29 |
Other urban | 189 (19) | 68 (17) | 87 (22) | 34 (17) | 145 (18) | 46 (16) | 68 (21) | 31 (18) | |||||
Peri- urban and rural | 33 (3) | 16 (4) | 8 (2) | 9 (5) | 26 (3) | 11 (4) | 7 (2) | 8 (5) | |||||
Ethnical groups (n,%) | Akan | 1.010 | 359 (36) | 128 (32) | 148 (37) | 83 (41) | 0.00 | 790 | 285 (36) | 96 (33) | 119 (37) | 70 (40) | 0.01 |
Hausa | 197 (20) | 80 (20) | 85 (21) | 32 (16) | 150 (19) | 57 (20) | 67 (21) | 26 (15) | |||||
Ewe | 213 (21) | 91 (22) | 84 (21) | 38 (19) | 161 (20) | 60 (21) | 67 (21) | 34 (19) | |||||
Ga, Ga- Dangme | 97 (10) | 31 (8) | 33 (8) | 33 (16) | 81 (10) | 25 (9) | 26 (8) | 30 (17) | |||||
Other | 144 (14) | 76 (19) | 52 (13) | 16 (8) | 113 (14) | 54 (19) | 43 (13) | 16 (9) | |||||
Religion (n,%) | Christianity | 1.010 | 724 (72) | 283 (70) | 285 (71) | 156 (77) | 0.14 | 790 | 571 (72) | 203 (70) | 230 (71) | 138 (78) | 0.10 |
Islam | 286 (28) | 123 (30) | 117 (29) | 46 (23) | 219 (28) | 89 (31) | 92 (29) | 38 (22) | |||||
Marital status (n,%) | Single, widowed | 1.010 | 190 (19) | 95 (23) | 59 (15) | 36 (18) | 0.00 | 790 | 141 (18) | 69 (24) | 40 (12) | 32 (18) | 0.00 |
Married | 605 (60) | 210 (52) | 257 (64) | 138 (68) | 492 (62) | 157 (54) | 217 (67) | 118 (67) | |||||
Engaged, living together | 215 (21) | 101 (25) | 86 (21) | 28 (14) | 157 (20) | 66 (23) | 65 (20) | 26 (15) |