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Table 1 Pregnancy, demographic and socio-economic characteristics of women in Accra, Ghana

From: Equity in maternal health outcomes in a middle-income urban setting: a cohort study

 

Cohort including women lost to follow up

Cohort excluding women lost to follow up

  

Socioeconomic status by assets

   

Socioeconomic status by assets

 

N

All

Low

N = 406

Middle

N = 402

High

N = 202

P value

N

All

Low

N = 292

Middle

N = 322

High

N = 176

P value

Mean age (yr, SD)

1.010

28.0 (5.1)

27.3 (5.4)

28.2 (4.8)

29.0 (5.0)

0.00

790

28.2 (5.0)

27.5 (5.2)

28.3 (4.7)

28.9 (5.1)

0.01

Mean BMI at ANC booking (kg m−2, SD)

1.000

25.4 (4.7)

25.0 (4.5)

25.6 (4.8)

25.8 (4.7)

0.10

785

25.5 (4.7)

25.1 (4.5)

25.8 (4.8)

25.8 (4.8)

0.18

Mean gestational age at delivery (wk, SD)

739

39.1 (1.9)

39.1 (1.9)

39.1 (1.8)

39.1 (2.1)

0.91

739

39.1 (1.9)

39.1 (1.9)

39.1 (1.8)

39.1 (2.1)

0.91

Parity (n,%)

0–1

1.010

724 (72)

291 (72)

296 (74)

137 (68)

0.13

790

552 (70)

200 (69)

233 (72)

119 (68)

0.43

2–3

263 (26)

106 (26)

101 (25)

56 (28)

219 (28)

85 (29)

84 (26)

50 (28)

≥4

23 (2)

9 (2)

5 (1)

9 (5)

19 (2)

7 (2)

5 (2)

7 (4)

Gestational age 1st ANC (n,%)

1st trimester (<13w)

1.001

556 (56)

203 (51)

231 (58)

122 (61)

0.02

785

423 (54)

140 (48)

182 (57)

101 (58)

0.05

2nd trimester (≥13w)

445 (45)

199 (50)

168 (42)

78 (39)

362 (46)

150 (52)

139 (43)

73 (42)

Area of birth (n,%)

Ghana urban

1.010

795 (79)

273 (67)

338 (84)

184 (91)

0.00

790

634 (80)

201 (69)

271 (84)

162 (92)

0.00

Ghana rural

196 (19)

122 (30)

60 (15)

14 (7)

142 (18)

85 (29)

47 (15)

10 (6)

West African country

19 (2)

11 (3

4 (1)

4 (2)

14 (2)

6 (2)

4 (1)

4 (2)

Area of residence (n,%)

Accra metropolitan

1.010

788 (78)

322 (79)

307 (76)

159 (79)

0.15

790

619 (78)

235 (81)

247 (77)

137 (78)

0.29

Other urban

189 (19)

68 (17)

87 (22)

34 (17)

145 (18)

46 (16)

68 (21)

31 (18)

Peri- urban and rural

33 (3)

16 (4)

8 (2)

9 (5)

26 (3)

11 (4)

7 (2)

8 (5)

Ethnical groups (n,%)

Akan

1.010

359 (36)

128 (32)

148 (37)

83 (41)

0.00

790

285 (36)

96 (33)

119 (37)

70 (40)

0.01

Hausa

197 (20)

80 (20)

85 (21)

32 (16)

150 (19)

57 (20)

67 (21)

26 (15)

Ewe

213 (21)

91 (22)

84 (21)

38 (19)

161 (20)

60 (21)

67 (21)

34 (19)

Ga, Ga- Dangme

97 (10)

31 (8)

33 (8)

33 (16)

81 (10)

25 (9)

26 (8)

30 (17)

Other

144 (14)

76 (19)

52 (13)

16 (8)

113 (14)

54 (19)

43 (13)

16 (9)

Religion (n,%)

Christianity

1.010

724 (72)

283 (70)

285 (71)

156 (77)

0.14

790

571 (72)

203 (70)

230 (71)

138 (78)

0.10

Islam

286 (28)

123 (30)

117 (29)

46 (23)

219 (28)

89 (31)

92 (29)

38 (22)

Marital status (n,%)

Single, widowed

1.010

190 (19)

95 (23)

59 (15)

36 (18)

0.00

790

141 (18)

69 (24)

40 (12)

32 (18)

0.00

Married

605 (60)

210 (52)

257 (64)

138 (68)

492 (62)

157 (54)

217 (67)

118 (67)

Engaged, living together

215 (21)

101 (25)

86 (21)

28 (14)

157 (20)

66 (23)

65 (20)

26 (15)