Psychosocial interventions targeting mental health in pregnant adolescents and adolescent parents: a systematic review

Table 2 Overall effect sizes per outcome

	All time points
	Effect size	p-value	95% Confidence Intervals		Heterogeneity (I²)
Positive mental health (n = 9)	0.35	0.01**	0.10	0.61	75%***
Mental disorders (depression and anxiety; n = 12)	−0.11	0.21	−0.30	0.08	59%**
Self-harm and suicide (n = 0)
Aggressive, disruptive and oppositional disorders (n = 0)
Substance use (n = 3)	−0.27	0.26	−1.10	0.56	61%*
Risky sexual and reproductive health behaviors (n = 2)	−0.17	0.56	−2.68	2.35	60%
School attendance (n = 2)	0.64	0.01**	0.55	0.72	0%
Adherence to antenatal and postnatal care (n = 2)	0.31	0.53	−4.04	4.66	35%
Parenting skills (n = 8)	0.07	0.47	−0.16	0.30	71%**
Exposure to IPV (n = 0)

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. Models in italics are indicative only, given the statistical estimation procedures used. For positive mental health, school attendance, adherence to antenatal and postnatal care, and parenting skills, a positive effect size denotes a beneficial effect. For all other outcomes, a negative effect size denotes a beneficial effect

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