|
Characteristic
|
Overall p-valuea
|
Risk Ratio (95% CI)a
|
|---|
|
Maternal age
|
0.0017
| |
|
< 20
| |
0.64 (0.45, 0.89)
|
|
20–35
| |
1.0
|
|
> 35
| |
1.43 (1.06, 1.92)
|
|
Maternal education
|
<.0001
| |
|
No formal education
| |
3.40 (2.08, 5.55)
|
|
Primary/Secondary
| |
2.46 (1.54, 3.94)
|
|
University +
| |
1.0
|
|
Parity
|
0.0031
| |
|
0
| |
1.24 (1.01, 1.52)
|
|
1–2
| |
1.0
|
|
> 2
| |
1.48 (1.15, 1.89)
|
|
At least one antenatal care visit
|
0.1707
|
1.22 (0.92, 1.61)
|
|
Birth attendant
|
<.0001
| |
|
Physician
| |
1.0
|
|
Nurse/Midwife/Health worker
| |
0.61 (0.45, 0.84)
|
|
Traditional birth attendant
| |
0.74 (0.50, 1.10)
|
|
Family/Self/Other
| |
1.38 (0.91, 2.09)
|
|
Delivery location
|
<.0001
| |
|
Hospital
| |
1.0
|
|
Clinic/health center
| |
0.57 (0.44, 0.75)
|
|
Home/other
| |
0.89 (0.62, 1.28)
|
|
Delivery mode
|
0.0048
| |
|
Vaginal
| |
1.0
|
|
Vaginal assisted
| |
1.58 (0.80, 3.12)
|
|
Caesarean section
| |
1.60 (1.21, 2.13)
|
|
Obstructed labor
|
0.0062
|
1.58 (1.14, 2.19)
|
|
Fetal Malpresentation
|
0.1140
|
1.30 (0.94, 1.79)
|
|
Severe antepartum hemorrhage
|
<.0001
|
2.59 (1.83, 3.66)
|
|
Hypertensive disorders
|
<.0001
|
6.87 (5.05, 9.34)
|
- a A generalized linear model was used to evaluate the relationship of potential factors and maternal mortality and to develop point and interval estimates of relative risk associated with these factors after controlling for site and all other listed characteristics. Generalized estimating equations were used to account for the correlation of outcomes within cluster to develop appropriate confidence intervals. Unless otherwise noted, the reference group is women who did not have the listed characteristic
