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Table 4 Perceived risk factors for unintended pregnancies seen through the lens of the socio-ecological model (SEM)

From: Decision-making preferences and risk factors regarding early adolescent pregnancy in Ghana: stakeholders’ and adolescents’ perspectives from a vignette-based qualitative study

Perceived risk factors of early adolescent pregnancy

SEM levels

Lack of financial autonomy

Inadequate knowledge of sexuality

Individual (intrapersonal) level

Lack of parent–adolescent communication on sexuality-related issues

Inadequate amount of time spent with kids to understand their concerns

Lack of parental control

Single parenthood/broken homes

Interpersonal level

Sexuality-related issues seen as taboo in households

Technological factors (misguided use of social media, pornography)

Exclusion of sex education in the religious discourse

Societal level

Abstinence-only dogma dominant in school comprehensive sex-education curricula

Institutional level

Restriction of movement of adolescents to specific areas (beach bars) and during certain times of the day (late night movement)

Monitoring of contents of radio and television channels

Policy/enabling environment