Table 2 Socio Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Pregnant Women by Hemoglobin Concentration for Pakistan
Maternal Characteristics | Overall1 N (%) | Maternal Hemoglobin g/dL1, N (%) | P-value2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Very low(< 7.0) | Low(7.0–7.9) | Low(8.0–8.9) | Low(9.0–9.9) | Low normal(10.0–10.9) | Normal(11.0–12.9) | High(≥ 13.0) | |||
Deliveries, N | 18,154 | 1255 (6.9) | 1911 (10.5) | 3379 (18.6) | 4486 (24.7) | 3715 (20.5) | 3054 (16.8) | 354 (1.9) | |
Maternal age | <.0001 | ||||||||
< 20 | 757 (4.2) | 19 (2.5) | 79 (10.4) | 108 (14.3) | 161 (21.3) | 171 (22.6) | 195 (25.8) | 24 (3.2) | |
20–35 | 16,240 (89.5) | 1115 (6.9) | 1669 (10.3) | 3004 (18.5) | 4003 (24.6) | 3356 (20.7) | 2774 (17.1) | 319 (2.0) | |
> 35 | 1157 (6.4) | 121 (10.5) | 163 (14.1) | 267 (23.1) | 322 (27.8) | 188 (16.2) | 85 (7.3) | 11 (1.0) | |
Education | <.0001 | ||||||||
No formal education | 15,042 (82.9) | 1160 (7.7) | 1716 (11.4) | 2941 (19.6) | 3775 (25.1) | 2972 (19.8) | 2214 (14.7) | 264 (1.8) | |
Primary/Secondary | 2838 (15.6) | 93 (3.3) | 184 (6.5) | 410 (14.4) | 650 (22.9) | 670 (23.6) | 748 (26.4) | 83 (2.9) | |
University+ | 274 (1.5) | 2 (0.7) | 11 (4.0) | 28 (10.2) | 61 (22.3) | 73 (26.6) | 92 (33.6) | 7 (2.6) | |
Parity | <.0001 | ||||||||
0 | 3766 (21.0) | 135 (3.6) | 333 (8.8) | 545 (14.5) | 813 (21.6) | 887 (23.6) | 944 (25.1) | 109 (2.9) | |
1–3 | 8551 (47.8) | 569 (6.7) | 833 (9.7) | 1586 (18.5) | 2274 (26.6) | 1766 (20.7) | 1362 (15.9) | 161 (1.9) | |
≥ 4 | 5588 (31.2) | 531 (9.5) | 725 (13.0) | 1221 (21.9) | 1347 (24.1) | 1001 (17.9) | 687 (12.3) | 76 (1.4) | |
BMI | <.0001 | ||||||||
< 18.5 | 5206 (28.7) | 390 (7.5) | 577 (11.1) | 987 (19.0) | 1215 (23.3) | 1031 (19.8) | 889 (17.1) | 117 (2.2) | |
18.5–25 | 10,794 (59.5) | 769 (7.1) | 1185 (11.0) | 2085 (19.3) | 2735 (25.3) | 2161 (20.0) | 1685 (15.6) | 174 (1.6) | |
≥ 25 | 2140 (11.8) | 95 (4.4) | 147 (6.9) | 306 (14.3) | 528 (24.7) | 523 (24.4) | 478 (22.3) | 63 (2.9) | |
Multiple pregnancy | 0.3639 | ||||||||
Yes | 194 (1.1) | 13 (6.7) | 24 (12.4) | 38 (19.6) | 44 (22.7) | 40 (20.6) | 30 (15.5) | 5 (2.6) | |
No | 17,906 (98.9) | 1231 (6.9) | 1881 (10.5) | 3335 (18.6) | 4433 (24.8) | 3668 (20.5) | 3014 (16.8) | 344 (1.9) | |
Gestational age at enrollment | <.0001 | ||||||||
1st trimester (< 13,0) | 8015 (45.2) | 371 (4.6) | 675 (8.4) | 1286 (16.0) | 1817 (22.7) | 1758 (21.9) | 1875 (23.4) | 233 (2.9) | |
2nd trimester (13,0-23,6) | 5547 (31.3) | 434 (7.8) | 616 (11.1) | 1071 (19.3) | 1393 (25.1) | 1163 (21.0) | 786 (14.2) | 84 (1.5) | |
3rd trimester/after delivery (≥ 24,0) | 4166 (23.5) | 382 (9.2) | 557 (13.4) | 938 (22.5) | 1178 (28.3) | 719 (17.3) | 358 (8.6) | 34 (0.8) | |
Inter-delivery interval, N (%) | 0.3340 | ||||||||
≤ 12 months | 569 (4.1) | 51 (9.0) | 70 (12.3) | 101 (17.8) | 161 (28.3) | 93 (16.3) | 79 (13.9) | 14 (2.5) | |
12–24 months | 5263 (37.6) | 393 (7.5) | 561 (10.7) | 1083 (20.6) | 1316 (25.0) | 1068 (20.3) | 765 (14.5) | 77 (1.5) | |
> 24 months | 8169 (58.3) | 639 (7.8) | 913 (11.2) | 1606 (19.7) | 2116 (25.9) | 1570 (19.2) | 1181 (14.5) | 144 (1.8) | |