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Table 7 Adjusted Risk of Maternal and Fetal/Neonatal Outcomes by Hemoglobin Concentration for India

From: Hemoglobin concentrations and adverse birth outcomes in South Asian pregnant women: findings from a prospective Maternal and Neonatal Health Registry

Outcomes

<  7.0 g/dL vs.11.0–12.9 g/dL

7.0–7.9 g/dL vs.11.0–12.9 g/dL

8.0–8.9 g/dL vs.11.0–12.9 g/dL

9.0–9.9 g/dL vs.11.0–12.9 g/dL

10.0–10.9 g/dL vs.11.0–12.9 g/dL

≥ 13.0 g/dL vs.11.0–12.9 g/dL

RR/MD(95% CI)

P-value

RR/MD(95% CI)

P-value

RR/MD(95% CI)

P-value

RR/MD(95% CI)

P-value

RR/MD(95% CI)

P-value

RR/MD(95% CI)

P-value

Maternal Outcomes

 Maternal death < 42 days

 Antepartum hemorrhage

3.28(1.67, 6.45)

0.0006

1.63(0.90, 2.96)

0.1054

1.13(0.74, 1.71)

0.5729

1.17(0.88, 1.57)

0.2802

0.96(0.73, 1.26)

0.7590

0.73(0.27, 1.97)

0.5381

 Postpartum hemorrhage2

4.48(2.62, 7.66)

<.0001

1.74(0.95, 3.17)

0.0726

1.33(0.89, 1.98)

0.1606

0.82(0.63, 1.06)

0.1294

0.88(0.72, 1.09)

0.2524

0.82(0.28, 2.42)

0.7166

 Hypertensive disease /pre-eclampsia/ eclampsia2

1.89(1.12, 3.18)

0.0169

1.07(0.73, 1.59)

0.7247

1.04(0.94, 1.16)

0.4312

0.93(0.84, 1.02)

0.1308

0.87(0.79, 0.95)

0.0024

1.46(1.13, 1.89)

0.0034

 Obstructed labor

0.96(0.71, 1.31)

0.7919

0.86(0.70, 1.06)

0.1593

0.84(0.75, 0.94)

0.0019

0.86(0.81, 0.92)

<.0001

0.92(0.88, 0.96)

0.0004

1.05(0.86, 1.28)

0.6263

 C-delivery2

0.96(0.80, 1.15)

0.6382

0.76(0.68, 0.85)

<.0001

0.80(0.76, 0.85)

<.0001

0.81(0.78, 0.84)

<.0001

0.87(0.85, 0.89)

<.0001

1.01(0.93, 1.10)

0.7884

 Preterm

1.47(1.19, 1.82)

0.0004

1.35(1.16, 1.58)

0.0001

1.23(1.15, 1.32)

<.0001

1.14(1.08, 1.21)

<.0001

1.04(0.98, 1.10)

0.1751

0.99(0.87, 1.14)

0.9372

Fetal/Neonatal Outcomes

 Stillbirth

2.20(1.35, 3.60)

0.0017

1.45(0.94, 2.22)

0.0931

1.26(1.10, 1.45)

0.0011

1.14(1.02, 1.28)

0.0246

1.00(0.90, 1.11)

0.9965

1.03(0.72, 1.47)

0.8790

 Neonatal mortality < 7 days

2.30(1.36, 3.91)

0.0019

1.84(1.27, 2.67)

0.0012

1.44(1.15, 1.81)

0.0013

1.29(1.12, 1.50)

0.0006

1.08(0.93, 1.26)

0.3240

0.93(0.60, 1.44)

0.7547

 Neonatal mortality < 28 days

2.02(1.19, 3.43)

0.0094

1.63(1.13, 2.36)

0.0090

1.44(1.17, 1.78)

0.0006

1.25(1.08, 1.46)

0.0034

1.10(0.95, 1.27)

0.2197

1.02(0.70, 1.46)

0.9322

 Birth weight (g)

−92.4(−148.7, −36.1)

0.0013

−86.2(−115.9, −56.5)

<.0001

−55.5(−68.0, −43.1)

<.0001

−38.9(−47.4, −30.5)

<.0001

−9.8(− 18.1, − 1.4)

0.0226

−26.1(−52.4, 0.1)

0.0509

 Low birth weight(<  2500 g)

1.32(1.05, 1.66)

0.0171

1.33(1.18, 1.51)

<.0001

1.16(1.10, 1.22)

<.0001

1.06(1.00, 1.12)

0.0524

0.99(0.95, 1.03)

0.5591

1.08(0.95, 1.24)

0.2390

  1. 1Relative risks (RR) and p-values for binary outcomes are obtained from generalized linear models with a binomial distribution assumption and log-link accounting for potential confounders of age, education, parity, BMI and GA at enrollment controlling for within-cluster correlation. For the continuous outcome of birthweight, the mean differences (MD) and p-values are from a linear mixed model controlling for cluster as a random effect and accounting for age, education, parity, BMI and GA at enrollment
  2. 2Generalized linear model with a Poisson distribution assumption and log-link