Overall | African sites | Non-African sites | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cesarean/total deliveries (%) | RR (95% CI)a | p valuea | Cesarean/total deliveries (%) | RR (95% CI)a | p valuea | Cesarean/total deliveries (%) | RR (95% CI)a | p valuea | |
Maternal age (years) | 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
< 20 | 10.0% | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) | 0.7 | 1.5% | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 0.4 | 20.1% | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) | 0.7 |
20–35 | 14.3% | Ref | 1.5% | Ref | 18.9% | Ref | |||
> 35 | 10.6% | 0.9 (0.9, 1.0) | < 0.001 | 2.0% | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) | < 0.001 | 17.2% | 0.9 (0.8, 0.9) | < 0.001 |
Maternal education | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
No formal schooling | 7.6% | Ref | 0.9% | Ref | 8.8% | Ref | |||
Primary/secondary | 13.8% | 2.1 (1.9, 2.3) | < 0.001 | 1.5% | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) | < 0.001 | 21.4% | 2.0 (1.9, 2.2) | < 0.001 |
University+ | 32.2% | 3.9 (3.5, 4.4) | < 0.001 | 4.8% | 4.7 (3.4, 6.3) | < 0.001 | 37.1% | 3.5 (3.2, 3.9) | < 0.001 |
Parity | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
0 | 19.6% | 2.4 (2.2, 2.5) | < 0.001 | 2.1% | 1.7 (1.5, 1.9) | < 0.001 | 25.7% | 2.7 (2.5, 2.8) | < 0.001 |
1–2 | 13.8% | 1.7 (1.6, 1.8) | < 0.001 | 1.4% | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 0.2 | 18.4% | 2.0 (1.9, 2.1) | < 0.001 |
3+ | 5.5% | Ref | < 0.001 | 1.2% | Ref | 8.7% | Ref | < 0.001 | |
Antenatal visits | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
< 4 | 7.7% | Ref | < 0.001 | 1.1% | Ref | 12.0% | Ref | < 0.001 | |
4+ | 20.1% | 1.9 (1.7, 2.1) | < 0.001 | 2.2% | 1.9 (1.7, 2.1) | < 0.001 | 26.5% | 1.9 (1.7, 2.1) | < 0.001 |
Multiple pregnancy | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Yes | 24.5% | 2.0 (1.9, 2.2) | < 0.001 | 7.6% | 5.2 (4.4, 6.2) | < 0.001 | 35.5% | 1.9 (1.8, 2.1) | < 0.001 |
No | 13.5% | Ref | 1.5% | Ref | 18.8% | Ref | |||
Abnormal lie | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Yes | 64.0% | 5.0 (4.4, 5.5) | < 0.001 | 29.2% | 24.5 (19.7, 30.5) | < 0.001 | 70.5% | 4.1 (3.8, 4.5) | < 0.001 |
No | 12.5% | Ref | 1.2% | Ref | 17.6% | Ref | |||
OL/PL/FLPb | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Yes | 56.1% | 5.9 (5.0, 6.9) | < 0.001 | 21.3% | 47.5 (35.2, 64.3) | < 0.001 | 63.9% | 5.0 (4.3, 5.8) | < 0.001 |
No | 9.8% | Ref | 0.5% | Ref | 14.1% | Ref | |||
Antepartum hemorrhage | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Yes | 21.3% | 1.9 (1.7, 2.0) | < 0.001 | 11.1% | 7.8 (6.4, 9.5) | < 0.001 | 25.4% | 1.7 (1.5, 1.8) | < 0.001 |
No | 13.5% | Ref | 1.4% | Ref | 18.9% | Ref | |||
HTN/PEC/ECc | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Yes | 42.5% | 3.0 (2.7, 3.4) | < 0.001 | 13.6% | 9.4 (7.3, 12.1) | < 0.001 | 45.7% | 2.6 (2.4, 2.9) | < 0.001 |
No | 12.8% | Ref | 1.4% | Ref | 18.0% | Ref | |||
Preterm | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.0 | ||||||
Yes | 12.6% | 1.0 (1.0, 1.1) | 0.9 | 1.6% | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.7 | 17.7% | 1.0 (1.0, 1.1) | 1.0 |
No | 13.9% | Ref | 1.5% | Ref | 19.3% | Ref |