|
Overall
|
African sites
|
Non-African sites
|
---|
Cesarean/total deliveries (%)
|
RR (95% CI)a
|
p valuea
|
Cesarean/total deliveries (%)
|
RR (95% CI)a
|
p valuea
|
Cesarean/total deliveries (%)
|
RR (95% CI)a
|
p valuea
|
---|
Maternal age (years)
|
0.001
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
< 20
|
10.0%
|
1.0 (1.0, 1.0)
|
0.7
|
1.5%
|
1.0 (0.9, 1.1)
|
0.4
|
20.1%
|
1.0 (1.0, 1.0)
|
0.7
|
20–35
|
14.3%
|
Ref
| |
1.5%
|
Ref
| |
18.9%
|
Ref
| |
> 35
|
10.6%
|
0.9 (0.9, 1.0)
|
< 0.001
|
2.0%
|
1.4 (1.2, 1.7)
|
< 0.001
|
17.2%
|
0.9 (0.8, 0.9)
|
< 0.001
|
Maternal education
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
No formal schooling
|
7.6%
|
Ref
| |
0.9%
|
Ref
| |
8.8%
|
Ref
| |
Primary/secondary
|
13.8%
|
2.1 (1.9, 2.3)
|
< 0.001
|
1.5%
|
1.5 (1.3, 1.7)
|
< 0.001
|
21.4%
|
2.0 (1.9, 2.2)
|
< 0.001
|
University+
|
32.2%
|
3.9 (3.5, 4.4)
|
< 0.001
|
4.8%
|
4.7 (3.4, 6.3)
|
< 0.001
|
37.1%
|
3.5 (3.2, 3.9)
|
< 0.001
|
Parity
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
0
|
19.6%
|
2.4 (2.2, 2.5)
|
< 0.001
|
2.1%
|
1.7 (1.5, 1.9)
|
< 0.001
|
25.7%
|
2.7 (2.5, 2.8)
|
< 0.001
|
1–2
|
13.8%
|
1.7 (1.6, 1.8)
|
< 0.001
|
1.4%
|
1.1 (1.0, 1.2)
|
0.2
|
18.4%
|
2.0 (1.9, 2.1)
|
< 0.001
|
3+
|
5.5%
|
Ref
|
< 0.001
|
1.2%
|
Ref
| |
8.7%
|
Ref
|
< 0.001
|
Antenatal visits
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
< 4
|
7.7%
|
Ref
|
< 0.001
|
1.1%
|
Ref
| |
12.0%
|
Ref
|
< 0.001
|
4+
|
20.1%
|
1.9 (1.7, 2.1)
|
< 0.001
|
2.2%
|
1.9 (1.7, 2.1)
|
< 0.001
|
26.5%
|
1.9 (1.7, 2.1)
|
< 0.001
|
Multiple pregnancy
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
Yes
|
24.5%
|
2.0 (1.9, 2.2)
|
< 0.001
|
7.6%
|
5.2 (4.4, 6.2)
|
< 0.001
|
35.5%
|
1.9 (1.8, 2.1)
|
< 0.001
|
No
|
13.5%
|
Ref
| |
1.5%
|
Ref
| |
18.8%
|
Ref
| |
Abnormal lie
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
Yes
|
64.0%
|
5.0 (4.4, 5.5)
|
< 0.001
|
29.2%
|
24.5 (19.7, 30.5)
|
< 0.001
|
70.5%
|
4.1 (3.8, 4.5)
|
< 0.001
|
No
|
12.5%
|
Ref
| |
1.2%
|
Ref
| |
17.6%
|
Ref
| |
OL/PL/FLPb
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
Yes
|
56.1%
|
5.9 (5.0, 6.9)
|
< 0.001
|
21.3%
|
47.5 (35.2, 64.3)
|
< 0.001
|
63.9%
|
5.0 (4.3, 5.8)
|
< 0.001
|
No
|
9.8%
|
Ref
| |
0.5%
|
Ref
| |
14.1%
|
Ref
| |
Antepartum hemorrhage
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
Yes
|
21.3%
|
1.9 (1.7, 2.0)
|
< 0.001
|
11.1%
|
7.8 (6.4, 9.5)
|
< 0.001
|
25.4%
|
1.7 (1.5, 1.8)
|
< 0.001
|
No
|
13.5%
|
Ref
| |
1.4%
|
Ref
| |
18.9%
|
Ref
| |
HTN/PEC/ECc
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
Yes
|
42.5%
|
3.0 (2.7, 3.4)
|
< 0.001
|
13.6%
|
9.4 (7.3, 12.1)
|
< 0.001
|
45.7%
|
2.6 (2.4, 2.9)
|
< 0.001
|
No
|
12.8%
|
Ref
| |
1.4%
|
Ref
| |
18.0%
|
Ref
| |
Preterm
|
0.9
|
0.7
|
1.0
|
Yes
|
12.6%
|
1.0 (1.0, 1.1)
|
0.9
|
1.6%
|
1.0 (0.9, 1.2)
|
0.7
|
17.7%
|
1.0 (1.0, 1.1)
|
1.0
|
No
|
13.9%
|
Ref
| |
1.5%
|
Ref
| |
19.3%
|
Ref
| |
- aRelative risks and p values are obtained from log Binomial models as a function of each individual risk factor using generalized estimating equations to account for the correlation of outcomes within cluster
- bOL/PL/FTP represents obstructed labor, prolonged labor, failure to progress
- cHTN/PEC/EC represents hypertension, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia