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Table 3 Bivariate associations between selected risk and protective factors and community maternal mortality ratios

From: Contraceptive use and maternal mortality in Indonesia: a community-level ecological analysis

Factors

N

Coef

95% CI

Contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR)

40,728

− 0.142*

− 0.341

− 0.263

Contraceptive use level category

    

Low (CPR < 40%)

9,465

0.000

−

−

Middle (CPR 40–59%)

12,254

− 0.041

− 0.091

0.011

High (CPR > 60%)

19,009

− 0.066*

− 0.112

− 0.019

Proportion of high-risk births-maternal age

    

Low (< 5%)

24,445

0.000

–

−

High (≥ 5%)

16,283

0.086*

0.048

0.123

Proportion of high-risk births-parity

    

Low (< 5%)

22,994

0.000

−

−

Middle (5–25%)

8,027

0.134*

0.086

0.182

High (> 25%)

9,707

0.239*

0.194

0.283

Proportion of low educated mother (LEM)

    

High education (LEM < 1%)

16,847

0.000

–

–

Middle education (LEM 1–40%)

12,310

0.116*

0.072

0.159

Low education (LEM > 40%)

11,571

0.164*

0.119

0.208

Proportion low socio-economic households (LSE)

    

Rich (LSE ≤ 1%)

5,846

0.000

–

–

Middle (LSE 1–50%)

20,376

0.128*

0.074

0.183

Poor (LSE > 50%)

14,506

0.346*

0.289

0.403

District hospital density

    

Low (< 5 per 1,000,000 population)

10,390

0.000

–

–

Middle (5–15 per 1,000,000 population)

14,799

− 0.098*

− 0.146

− 0.052

High (> 15 per 1,000,000 population)

15,539

− 0.162*

− 0.208

− 0.115

Sub-district health center density

    

Low (5 or less per 100,000 population)

17,244

0.000

–

–

High (> 5 per 100,000 population)

23,484

0.078*

0.041

0.116

Sub-district health physician density

    

Low (8 or less per 100,000 population)

21,979

0.000

–

–

High (> 8 per 100,000 population)

18,749

− 0.057*

− 0.093

− 0.021

Village midwife density

    

Low (0.85 or less per 10,000 population)

17,575

0.000

–

–

High (> 0.85 per 10,000 population)

23,153

0.052*

0.015

0.089

Village TBA density

    

Low (< 1 per 10,000 population)

17,859

0.000

–

–

Middle (1–4 per 10,000 population)

12,524

0.061*

0.018

0.109

High (5 or more per 10,000 population)

10,345

0.226*

0.143

0.221

Island Group

    

Java-Bali

16,005

0.000

–

–

Outside of Java-Bali

24,723

0.226*

0.189

0.264

Urban–Rural

    

Urban area

19,169

0.000

–

–

Rural area

21,559

0.067*

0.031

0.104

  1. *p < 0.05