From: Contraceptive use and maternal mortality in Indonesia: a community-level ecological analysis
Factors | N | Coef | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) | 40,728 | − 0.142* | − 0.341 | − 0.263 |
Contraceptive use level category | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low (CPR < 40%) | 9,465 | 0.000 | − | − |
Middle (CPR 40–59%) | 12,254 | − 0.041 | − 0.091 | 0.011 |
High (CPR > 60%) | 19,009 | − 0.066* | − 0.112 | − 0.019 |
Proportion of high-risk births-maternal age | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low (< 5%) | 24,445 | 0.000 | – | − |
High (≥ 5%) | 16,283 | 0.086* | 0.048 | 0.123 |
Proportion of high-risk births-parity | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low (< 5%) | 22,994 | 0.000 | − | − |
Middle (5–25%) | 8,027 | 0.134* | 0.086 | 0.182 |
High (> 25%) | 9,707 | 0.239* | 0.194 | 0.283 |
Proportion of low educated mother (LEM) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
High education (LEM < 1%) | 16,847 | 0.000 | – | – |
Middle education (LEM 1–40%) | 12,310 | 0.116* | 0.072 | 0.159 |
Low education (LEM > 40%) | 11,571 | 0.164* | 0.119 | 0.208 |
Proportion low socio-economic households (LSE) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Rich (LSE ≤ 1%) | 5,846 | 0.000 | – | – |
Middle (LSE 1–50%) | 20,376 | 0.128* | 0.074 | 0.183 |
Poor (LSE > 50%) | 14,506 | 0.346* | 0.289 | 0.403 |
District hospital density | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low (< 5 per 1,000,000 population) | 10,390 | 0.000 | – | – |
Middle (5–15 per 1,000,000 population) | 14,799 | − 0.098* | − 0.146 | − 0.052 |
High (> 15 per 1,000,000 population) | 15,539 | − 0.162* | − 0.208 | − 0.115 |
Sub-district health center density | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low (5 or less per 100,000 population) | 17,244 | 0.000 | – | – |
High (> 5 per 100,000 population) | 23,484 | 0.078* | 0.041 | 0.116 |
Sub-district health physician density | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low (8 or less per 100,000 population) | 21,979 | 0.000 | – | – |
High (> 8 per 100,000 population) | 18,749 | − 0.057* | − 0.093 | − 0.021 |
Village midwife density | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low (0.85 or less per 10,000 population) | 17,575 | 0.000 | – | – |
High (> 0.85 per 10,000 population) | 23,153 | 0.052* | 0.015 | 0.089 |
Village TBA density | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low (< 1 per 10,000 population) | 17,859 | 0.000 | – | – |
Middle (1–4 per 10,000 population) | 12,524 | 0.061* | 0.018 | 0.109 |
High (5 or more per 10,000 population) | 10,345 | 0.226* | 0.143 | 0.221 |
Island Group | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Java-Bali | 16,005 | 0.000 | – | – |
Outside of Java-Bali | 24,723 | 0.226* | 0.189 | 0.264 |
Urban–Rural |  |  |  |  |
Urban area | 19,169 | 0.000 | – | – |
Rural area | 21,559 | 0.067* | 0.031 | 0.104 |