From: Contraceptive use and maternal mortality in Indonesia: a community-level ecological analysis
Factors | Full model | Final model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | 95% CI | Coef. | 95% CI | |||
Contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR | − 0.064 | − 0.147 | 0.081 | − 0.073* | − 0.154 | − 0.009 |
Proportion of high-risk births—maternal age |  |  |  |  |  | |
Low (<5%) | 0 | – | – |  |  |  |
High (≥5%) | 0.028 | − 0.01 | 0.067 |  |  |  |
Proportion of high-risk births—parity |  |  |  |  |  | |
Low (<5%) | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
Middle (5–25%) | 0.058* | 0.009 | 0.109 | 0.076* | 0.027 | 0.125 |
High (>25%) | 0.125* | 0.077 | 0.173 | 0.142* | 0.094 | 0.189 |
Proportion of low educated mother (LEM) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
High education (LEM <1%) | 0 | – | – |  |  |  |
Middle education (LEM 1–40%) | 0.028 | − 0.018 | 0.074 |  |  |  |
Low education (LEM >40%) | 0.044 | − 0.006 | 0.094 |  |  |  |
Proportion of low socio-economic households (LSE) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Rich (LSE ≤1%) | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
Middle (LSE 1–50%) | 0.091* | 0.032 | 0.151 | 0.077* | 0.019 | 0.134 |
Poor (LSE >50%) | 0.214* | 0.142 | 0.287 | 0.193* | 0.126 | 0.261 |
District hospital density | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Low (<5 per 1,000,000 population) | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
Middle (5–15 per 1,000,000 population) | − 0.032 | − 0.079 | 0.016 | − 0.031 | − 0.078 | 0.018 |
High (>15 per 1,000,000 population) | 0.059* | − 0.113 | − 0.007 | − 0.045* | − 0.096 | − 0.006 |
Sub-district health center density | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Low (5 or less per 100,000 population) | 0 | – | – |  |  |  |
High (>5 per 100,000 population) | − 0.032 | − 0.074 | 0.009 |  |  |  |
Sub-district physician density | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Low (8 or less per 100,000 population) | 0 | – | – |  |  |  |
High (>8 per 100,000 population) | 0.004 | − 0.038 | 0.048 |  |  |  |
Village midwife density | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Low (0.85 or less per 10,000 population) | 0 | – | – |  |  |  |
High (>0.85 per 10,000 population) | − 0.035 | − 0.078 | 0.008 |  |  |  |
Village TBA density | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low (<1 per 10,000 population) | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
Middle (1–4 per 10,000 population) | 0.035* | 0.011 | 0.081 | 0.025 | − 0.02 | 0.069 |
High (5+ per 10,000 population) | 0.120* | 0.067 | 0.173 | 0.103* | 0.053 | 0.154 |
Region | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Java-Bali | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
Outside of Java-Bali | 0.132* | 0.086 | 0.177 | 0.113* | 0.072 | 0.156 |
Urban–rural |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Urban area | 0 | – | – |  |  |  |
Rural area | − 0.052 | − 0.099 | 0.005 |  |  |  |