Table 2 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics by site and infant gender
Characteristic | India | Pakistan | India p-value | Pakistan p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | |||
Infants1 | 107,148 | 99,006 | 47,642 | 43,713 | Â | Â |
Maternal age, N (%)2,3 | 107,085 | 98,963 | 47,537 | 43,644 | 0.7659 | 0.0566 |
 < 20 | 7454 (7.0) | 6980 (7.1) | 1871 (3.9) | 1846 (4.2) | ||
 20–35 | 99,304 (92.7) | 91,681 (92.6) | 43,036 (90.5) | 39,414 (90.3) | ||
 > 35 | 327 (0.3) | 302 (0.3) | 2630 (5.5) | 2384 (5.5) | ||
Maternal education, N (%)2,3 | 106,764 | 98,687 | 47,542 | 43,606 | 0.6538 | 0.0739 |
 No formal schooling | 12,799 (12.0) | 11,946 (12.1) | 39,211 (82.5) | 36,050 (82.7) | ||
 Primary or secondary | 80,598 (75.5) | 74,326 (75.3) | 7161 (15.1) | 6418 (14.7) | ||
 University+ | 13,367 (12.5) | 12,415 (12.6) | 170 (2.5) | 1138 (2.6) | ||
Parity, N (%)2,3 | 106,860 | 98,757 | 46,450 | 42,588 | 0.5140 | 0.8840 |
 0 | 46,925 (43.9) | 43,478 (44.0) | 8858 (19.1) | 8073 (19.0) | ||
 1–2 | 54,561 (51.1) | 50,422 (51.1) | 15,536 (33.4) | 14,301 (33.6) | ||
 3–4 | 4961 (4.6) | 4482 (4.5) | 10,550 (22.7) | 9608 (22.6) | ||
 ≥ 5 | 413 (0.4) | 375 (0.4) | 11,506 (24.8) | 10,606 (24.9) | ||
Antenatal care, N (%)2,3 | 76,938 | 71,450 | 36,216 | 33,442 | 0.8103 | 0.1722 |
 ≥ 4 ANC visits | 57,335 (74.5) | 53,282 (74.6) | 12,449 (34.4) | 11,380 (34.0) |  |  |
 < 4 ANC visits | 19,603 (25.5) | 18,168 (25.4) | 23,767 (65.6) | 22,062 (66.0) |  |  |
Trimester of first ANC visit, N (%)2,3 | 100,917 | 93,130 | 34,337 | 31,069 | 0.0054 | 0.6086 |
 First (0–14 wks) | 76,072 (75.4) | 70,764 (76.0) | 12,403 (36.1) | 11,400 (36.7) | ||
 Second (15–28 wks) | 20,809 (20.6) | 18,758 (20.1) | 13,656 (39.8) | 12,265 (39.5) | ||
 Third (29–42 wks) | 4036 (4.0) | 3608 (3.9) | 8278 (24.1) | 7404 (23.8) | ||
Complications of pregnancy, N (%)2,3 | ||||||
 Evidence of hypertensive disease/severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia | 2940/107,006 (2.7) | 2600/98,823 (2.6) | 2320/47,598 (4.9) | 2212/43,681 (5.1) | 0.0694 | 0.3032 |
 Severe antepartum hemorrhage | 621/107,051 (0.6) | 546/98,862 (0.6) | 1740/47,601 (3.7) | 1434/43,684 (3.3) | 0.4256 | 0.0019 |
 BMI ≥ 25 | 5692/104,187 (5.5) | 5151/96,163 (5.4) | 5621/47,441 (11.8) | 5196/43,544 (11.9) | 0.2501 | 0.7869 |
 Hemoglobin measured at/before enrollment < 8 mg/dl | 1271/100,935 (1.3) | 1229/93,184 (1.3) | 1659/9,694 (17.1) | 1603/9,147 (17.5) | 0.2337 | 0.5020 |
 Hemoglobin measured after enrollment and before delivery < 8 mg/dl | 466/36,273 (1.3) | 406/33,891 (1.2) | 958/4,592 (20.9) | 964/4,307 (22.4) | 0.2871 | 0.0765 |
 Multiple birth | 1590/107,136 (1.5) | 1587/99,001 (1.6) | 1114/47,612 (2.3) | 1006/43,695 (2.3) | 0.0243 | 0.6984 |