Table 4 Delivery methods and outcomes by site and infant gender
| Â | India | Pakistan | India p-value | Pakistan p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Male | Female | Male | Female | ||
Infants1 | 107,148 | 99,006 | 47,642 | 43,713 | Â | Â |
Birth attendant, N (%)2 | 107,145 | 99,001 | 47,621 | 43,695 | < .0001 |  < .0001 |
 Physician | 65,439 (61.1) | 59,167 (59.8) | 13,396 (28.1) | 11,594 (26.5) | ||
 Nurse/nurse midwife/LHW/HW | 38,210 (35.7) | 36,170 (36.5) | 10,357 (21.7) | 9314 (21.3) | ||
 TBA | 1616 (1.5) | 1626 (1.6) | 20,450 (42.9) | 19,604 (44.9) | ||
 Family/self/other | 1880 (1.8) | 2038 (2.1) | 3418 (7.2) | 3183 (7.3) | ||
Delivery location, N (%)2 | 107,127 | 98,983 | 47,627 | 43,702 | < .0001 | < .0001 |
 Hospital | 73,481 (68.6) | 66,401 (67.1) | 16,125 (33.9) | 14,202 (32.5) | ||
 Clinic/health center | 29,562 (27.6) | 28,352 (28.6) | 13,030 (27.4) | 11,633 (26.6) | ||
 Home/other | 4084 (3.8) | 4230 (4.3) | 18,472 (38.8) | 17,867 (40.9) | ||
Delivery mode, N (%)2 | 107,147 | 99,003 | 47,641 | 43,712 | < .0001 |  < .0001 |
 Vaginal | 84,142 (78.5) | 78,743 (79.5) | 40,351 (84.7) | 37,485 (85.8) | ||
 Vaginal, assisted | 760 (0.7) | 666 (0.7) | 1629 (3.4) | 1405 (3.2) | ||
 C-section | 22,245 (20.8) | 19,594 (19.8) | 5661 (11.9) | 4822 (11.0) | ||
Bag and mask resuscitation, N (%)2 | 106,283 | 98,185 | 47,466 | 43,574 | < .0001 | < .0001 |
 Yes | 4952 (4.7) | 3,888 (4.0) | 5401 (11.4) | 3936 (9.0) | ||
 No | 101,331 (95.3) | 94,297 (96.0) | 42,065 (88.6) | 39,638 (91.0) | ||
Birth weight (measured and estimated), N (%)2 | 107,003 | 98,898 | 47,511 | 43,610 | < .0001 | < .0001 |
 < 1000 g | 639 (0.6) | 585 (0.6) | 337 (0.7) | 283 (0.6) | ||
 1000—1499 g | 1258 (1.2) | 1159 (1.2) | 914 (1.9) | 812 (1.9) | ||
 1500—2499 g | 15,629 (14.6) | 16,931 (17.1) | 7990 (16.8) | 8567 (19.6) | ||
 ≥ 2500 g | 89,477 (83.6) | 80,223 (81.1) | 38,270 (80.5) | 33,948 (77.8) | ||
Birth weight (measured), N (%)2 | 106,429 (99.3) | 98,370 (99.4) | 45,369 (95.2) | 41,914 (95.9) | < .0001 | < .0001 |
 Mean (std) | 2747.3 (453.8) | 2687.4 (431.5) | 2856.0 (547.4) | 2786.2 (531.3) | ||
 Median (25p-75p) | 2750.0 (2500.0, 3000.0) | 2700.0 (2500.0, 3000.0) | 2900.0 (2,510.0, 3150.0) | 2800.0 (2500.0, 3050.0) | ||
Gestational age, N (%)2 | 104,865 | 96,750 | 45,609 | 41,794 | 0.0056 | 0.0799 |
 Preterm | 11,559 (11.0) | 10,297 (10.6) | 8988 (19.7) | 8458 (20.2) | ||
 Term | 93,306 (89.0) | 86,453 (89.4) | 36,621 (80.3) | 33,336 (79.8) | ||
Gestational age at delivery, N (%)2 | 102,366 (95.5) | 94,763 (95.7) | 43,267 (90.8) | 39,891 (91.3) | < .0001 | < .0001 |
 Mean (std) | 38.6 (3.1) | 38.8 (3.0) | 37.7 (4.1) | 37.8 (4.0) | ||
 Median (25p-75p) | 39.0 (38.0, 40.0) | 39.0 (38.0, 40.0) | 38.0 (36.0, 40.0) | 38.0 (36.0, 40.0) | ||