Table 3 Ethnic disparities in maternal and perinatal characteristics and outcomes in Suriname, 2016–2017
Total n = (%) | Maroon n = (%) | Creole n = (%) | Hindustani n = (%) | Mix n = (%) | Javanese n = (%) | Indigenous n = (%) | Chinese n = (%) | Other a n = (%) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total births | 18,290 | 4950 (27.6) | 4217 (23.5) | 3395 (18.9) | 2254 (12.5) | 1948 (10.8) | 681 (3.8) | 381 (2.1) | 137 (0.8) | |
Maternal age | ||||||||||
< 20 years | 2462 (13.7) | 904 (18.3) | 552 (13.1) | 322 (9.5) | 303 (13.5) | 211 (10.9) | 146 (21.4) | 11 (2.9) | 13 (9.5) | |
20–35 years | 13,420 (74.9) | 3383 (68.4) | 3164 (75.1) | 2774 (82.0) | 1704 (75.8) | 1504 (77.4) | 465 (68.3) | 326 (85.6) | 101 (73.7) | < 0.05 |
> 36 years | 2043 (11.4) | 654 (13.2) | 496 (11.8) | 286 (8.5) | 241 (10.7) | 229 (11.8) | 70 (10.3) | 44 (11.5) | 23 (16.8) | |
Parity | ||||||||||
0 | 6124 (34.2) | 1253 (25.4) | 1411 (33.6) | 1456 (43.0) | 883 (39.3) | 704 (36.2) | 212 (31.3) | 148 (38.8) | 57 (41.6) | |
1–3 | 9387 (52.5) | 2346 (47.5) | 2267 (54.0) | 1812 (53.6) | 1204 (53.6) | 1122 (57.7) | 338 (49.9) | 228 (59.8) | 71 (51.8) | < 0.05 |
> 4 | 2389 (13.3) | 1338 (27.1) | 519 (12.4) | 115 (3.4) | 159 (7.1) | 117 (6.0) | 127 (18.8) | 5 (1.3) | 9 (6.6) | |
Gestational age | ||||||||||
< 28 weeks | 210 (1.2) | 72 (1.5) | 64 (1.5) | 35 (1.0) | 21 (0.9) | 10 (0.5) | 7 (1.0) | 1 (0.3) | – | |
28–37 weeks | 2266 (12.7) | 711 (14.6) | 561 (13.4) | 405 (12.0) | 274 (12.3) | 192 (9.9) | 82 (12.2) | 29 (7.7) | 13 (9.7) | < 0.05 |
Term | 15,299 (86.1) | 4104 (84.0) | 3548 (85.1) | 2933 (87.0) | 1933 (86.8) | 1728 (89.5) | 583 (86.8) | 349 (92.1) | 121 (90.3) | |
Anemiaantepartum | ||||||||||
Moderate | 2258 (36.4) | 808 (51.8) | 667 (43.8) | 372 (33.5) | 146 (20.9) | 147 (19.0) | 71 (37.6) | 36 (13.9) | 11 (11.7) | < 0.05 |
Severe | 145 (2.3) | 76 (4.9) | 38 (2.5) | 15 (1.4) | 10 (1.4) | 2 (0.3) | 4 (2.1) | – | – | |
Mode of delivery | ||||||||||
Spontaneous | 13,428 (74.8) | 4074 (82.3) | 3174 (75.3) | 2223 (65.5) | 1575 (69.9) | 1482 (76.1) | 531 (78.0) | 301 (79.0) | 69 (50.4) | < 0.05 |
Vacuum | 225 (1.3) | 31 (0.6) | 28 (0.7) | 84 (2.5) | 34 (1.5) | 31 (1.6) | 12 (1.8) | 4 (1.0) | 1 (0.7) | |
Cesarean | 4309 (24.0) | 845 (17.1) | 1015 (24.1) | 1088 (32.1) | 645 (28.7) | 435 (22.3) | 138 (20.3) | 76 (19.9) | 67 (48.9) | |
Presentation | ||||||||||
Cephalic | 17,359 (96.7) | 4787 (96.7) | 4093 (97.1) | 3252 (95.8) | 2193 (97.3) | 1873 (96.1) | 661 (97.1) | 367 (96.3) | 134 (97.8) | 0.03 |
Post partum hemorrhage | ||||||||||
500–999 mL | 1012 (6.3) | 288 (6.3) | 239 (6.3) | 140 (4.8) | 144 (7.3) | 121 (6.9) | 50 (8.1) | 21 (6.2) | 9 (9.0) | < 0.05 |
> 1000 mL | 251 (1.6) | 79 (1.7) | 58 (1.5) | 32 (1.1) | 29 (1.5) | 22 (1.3) | 21 (3.4) | 8 (2.4) | 2 (2.0) | |
Total babies born | 18,504 | 5035 (27.7) | 4268 (23.5) | 3422 (18.8) | 2277 (12.5) | 1965 (10.8) | 687 (3.8) | 382 (2.1) | 139 (0.8) | |
Live Births | 17,789 (97.9)b | 4877 (96.9) | 4157 (97.4) | 3370 (98.5) | 2240 (98.4) | 1951 (99.3) | 674 (98.1) | 381 (99.7) | 139 (98.6) | < 0.05 |
Stillbirths (> 22 weeks or 1000 g) | 386 (2.1) | 158 (3.1) | 111 (2.6) | 52 (1.5) | 37 (1.6) | 14 (0.7) | 13 (1.9) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | |
Sex | ||||||||||
Girl | 8767 (48.3) | 2485 (49.4) | 2083 (48.9) | 1637 (47.9) | 1064 (46.8) | 926 (47.1) | 321 (46.9) | 181 (47.4) | 70 (50.4) | 0.39 |
Birth weight | ||||||||||
< 2500 g | 2730 (15.1) | 847 (16.9) | 662 (15.6) | 614 (18.0) | 294 (13.0) | 183 (9.4) | 87 (12.6) | 32 (8.4) | 11 (8.0) | |
2500–4000 g | 14,805 (81.9) | 4047 (80.8) | 3449 (81.4) | 2710 (79.6) | 1887 (83.2) | 1690 (86.4) | 568 (83.4) | 334 (87.9) | 120 (86.1) | < 0.05 |
> 4000 g | 542 (3.0) | 115 (2.3) | 127 (3.0) | 81 (2.4) | 88 (3.9) | 83 (4.2) | 26 (3.8) | 14 (3.7) | 8 (5.8) | |
APGAR 5 min’ | ||||||||||
< 7 | 639 (3.8) | 243 (5.3) | 187 (4.8) | 95 (3.0) | 58 (2.8) | 31 (1.7) | 21 (3.5) | 4 (1.1) | – | < 0.05 |
Late stillbirth | ||||||||||
n= | 285 | 122 | 77 | 40 | 23 | 11 | 9 | 1 | 2 | < 0.05 |
SBR per 1000 births c | 15.6 | 25.0 | 18.6 | 11.9 | 10.3 | 5.7 | 13.4 | – | 14.6 | |
Maternal deaths | ||||||||||
Nationwide maternal deaths, n= | 25 | 13 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | – | |
MMR per 100.000 national live births d | 127 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Hospital maternal deathsd, n= | 20 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 0.59 |
MMR per 100.000 hospital live births d | 112 | 184 | 96 | 89 | 45 | 51 | 147 | 262 | – | |