Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Authors | Country and state/region | Setting | Recruitment period | Type of study/method | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abera et al. 2015 [41] | Ethiopia, Gondar | Community-based | August 2013 | Cross-sectional/quantitative | N = 703 |
Abraha et al. 2017 [42] | Ethiopia, Aksum | Community-based | March–April, 2015 | Cross-sectional/quantitative | N = 590 (N expected [NE] = 601) |
Abraha et al. 2018 [43] | Ethiopia, Aksum | Community-based | March–April 2015 | Cross-sectional/ quantitative | N = 590 (NE = 604) |
Achwoka et al. 2018 [56] | Kenya | Nationally representative | 2013 (month not specified) | National cross-sectional/quantitative | N = 955 (NE = 1012) |
Gebremedhin et al. 2018 [44] | Ethiopia, Addis Ababa | Community-based | May–June 2015 | Cross-sectional/quantitative | N = 803 (NE = 849) |
Dona et al. 2018 [45] | Ethiopia, Aroressa | Community-based | March–April, 2017 | Cross sectional/quantitative | N = 684 (NE = 695) |
Berta et al. 2018[46] | Ethiopia, Gondar | Healthcare facility | March–April 2015 | Cross-sectional/quantitative | N = 404 |
Bwazi et al. 2014 [54] | Malawi, Ntchisi | Healthcare facility | July 2011 | Cross-sectional/quantitative | N = 383 |
Thindwa et al. 2019[55] | Malawi | nationally representative (nested) | May 2015–May 2016 | Cross-sectional/quantitative | N = 578 |
Chinaeke. 2019 [51] | Nigeria (the Federal Capital Territory and Nasarawa state) | Healthcare facility | April 2014–September 2015 | Prospective cohort study/quantitative | N = 399 (NE = 497) |
Embafrash and Mekonnen 2019 [59] | Ethiopia, Tahtay-Koraro | Healthcare facility | February–March 2014 | Cross-sectional/mixed methods | N = 409 (NE = 422) |
Idowu et al. 2015 [52] | Nigeria, Ogbomoso | Healthcare facility | Three months, year not specified | Cross-sectional/ quantitative | N = 444 |
Iliyasu et al. 2018 [53] | Nigeria, Kano | Healthcare facility | January–February 2015 | Cross-sectional/ quantitative | N = 317 (NE = 371) |
Keesara et al. 2018 [57] | Kenya, Nairobi | Healthcare facility | December 2013–April 2014 | Cross-sectional/qualitative | N = 91 |
Tegegn et al. 2017 [47] | Ethiopia, Dessie | Community-based | December 2014 | Cross-sectional/quantitative | N = 383 |
Mengesha et al. 2015 [48] | Ethiopia, Dabat | Community-based | January 2013 | Cross-sectional/ quantitative | N = 899 (NE = 816) |
Gejo et al. 2019 [49] | Ethiopia, Hossana | Healthcare facility | June–July 2018 | Cross-sectional/ quantitative | N = 368 |
Sileo et al. 2015 [58] | Uganda, Butambala | Healthcare facility | 2010, month no specified | Cross-sectional/ quantitative | N = 258 (NE = 301) |
Abraha et al. 2018 [50] | Ethiopia (Tanquae-Abrgelle, Adwa, Tahtay-Maychew and Laelay-Maychew) | Community-based | March–April 2017 | Cross-sectional/ quantitative | N = 1109 |