Table 1 Characteristics of the 80 datasets from 76 included studies
Author Year | Study design | Country | Income level (2020 World Bank) | Method of measuring use of fundal pressure | Last year of data collection | Study population (denominator) | Fundal pressure (numerator) | % | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abasian Kasegari 2019 [46] | Randomised controlled trial | Iran | Upper-middle | Direct observation | 2019 | 152 | 54 | 35.5 | Moderate |
Abedadeh-Kalahroudi 2019 [47] | Cross-sectional | Iran | Upper-middle | Direct observation | 2015 | 3239 | 473 | 14.6 | Low |
Ahlberg 2016 [32] | Cross-sectional | Sweden | High | Medical records | 2013 | 596 | 68 | 11.4 | Moderate |
Andrade 2016 [48] | Cross-sectional | Brazil | Upper-middle | Medical records | 2014 | 603 | 52 | 9.0 | Low |
Ashouri 2019 [49] | Cross-sectional | Iran | Upper-middle | Self-reported | 2017 | 600 | 125 | 20.8 | Low |
Banks 2017 [50] | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Low | Direct observation | 2013 | 193 | 22 | 11.4 | Low |
Becerra-Chauca 2019 [51] | Cross-sectional | Peru | Upper-middle | Self-reported | 2016 | 250 | 116 | 46.4 | Low |
Biguzzi 2012 [52] | Prospective cohort | Italy | High | Direct observation | 2009 | 6011 | 1632 | 27.2 | Low |
Bohren 2019 [53] | Cross-sectional | Guinea, Myanmar, Ghana and Nigeria | Lower-middle and low | Direct observation | 2018 | 2016 | 63 | 3.1 | Low |
Brandao 2018 [54] | Cross-sectional | Ecuador | Upper middle | Self-reported | 2017 | 252 | 49 | 19.4 | Low |
Burns 2007 [55] | Randomised controlled trial | Italy | High | Direct observation | 2003 | 513 | 21 | 4.1 | Low |
Calik 2018 [19] | Descriptive | Turkey | Upper-middle | Direct observation | 2015 | 351 | 152 | 43.3 | Low |
Chalmers 2009 [56] | Descriptive | Canada | High | Self-reported | 2006 | 5368 | 805 | 15.0 | Low |
Ciriello 2012a [57] | Cross-sectional | Italy | High | Medical records | 1996 | 8112 | 219 | 2.7 | Low |
Ciriello 2012b [57] | Cross-sectional | Italy | High | Medical records | 2006 | 8237 | 47 | 0.6 | Low |
Comas 2017 [58] | Prospective cohort | Spain | High | Direct observation | 2013 | 279 | 48 | 17.2 | Low |
Cortes 2018 [59] | Quasi-experimental before-and-after | Brazil | Upper-middle | Self-reported | 2015 | 140 | 29 | 20.7 | Low |
Cromi 2014 [60] | Cross-sectional | Italy | High | Medical records | Not specified | 736 | 103 | 14.0 | Low |
Cuerva 2015 [35] | Prospective cohort | Spain | High | Direct observation | 2013 | 52 | 36 | 69.2 | Low |
da Gama 2016 [61] | Descriptive | Brazil | Upper-middle | Self-reported | 2012 | 11,499 | 4232 | 36.8 | Low |
da Silva Carvalho 2019 [62] | Cross-sectional | Brazil | Upper-middle | Self-reported | 2014 | 314 | 70 | 22.3 | Low |
de Oliveira Peripolli 2019 [63] | Descriptive | Brazil | Upper-middle | Medical records | 2015 | 3078 | 141 | 4.5 | Low |
Dey 2017 [64] | Cross-sectional | India | Lower-middle | Direct observation | 2016 | 875 | 100 | 11.4 | Low |
Dulfe 2016 [65] | Cross-sectional | Brazil | Upper-middle | Self-reported | 2014 | 42 | 26 | 61.9 | Moderate |
Edqvist 2017 [66] | Prospective cohort | Sweden | High | Direct observation | 2015 | 704 | 16 | 2.3 | Low |
Ejegard 2008 [67] | Case–control | Sweden | High | Self-reported | 1999 | 206 | 39 | 18.9 | Moderate |
Fernandes 2017 [68] | Case–control | Brazil | Upper-middle | Medical records | 2013 | 369 | 12 | 3.3 | Low |
Furrer 2015 [14] | Retrospective cohort | Switzerland | High | Medical records | 2013 | 9743 | 919 | 9.4 | Low |
Garcia Cachafeiro 2017 [69] | Cross-sectional | Spain | High | Direct observation | 2015 | 312 | 49 | 15.7 | Moderate |
Hasegawa 2014 [39] | Cross-sectional | Japan | High | Medical records | 2012 | 347,771 | 38,973 | 11.2 | Moderate |
Hasegawa 2020 [40] | Cross-sectional | Japan | High | Medical records | 2017 | 404,444 | 38,205 | 9.5 | Moderate |
Haslinger 2015 [70] | Retrospective cohort | Switzerland | High | Medical records | 2011 | 7832 | 556 | 7.1 | Low |
Hayata 2019 [13] | Cross-sectional | Japan | High | Medical records | 2017 | 1928 | 265 | 13.7 | Low |
Inagaki 2019 [71] | Cross-sectional | Brazil | Upper-middle | Medical records | 2016 | 373 | 129 | 34.6 | Low |
Indraccolo 2016 [72] | Prospective cohort | Italy | High | Direct observation | 2015 | 92 | 25 | 27.2 | Moderate |
Indraccolo 2017 [34] | Prospective cohort | Italy | High | Direct observation | 2014 | 158 | 41 | 25.9 | Moderate |
Iyengar 2009 [42] | Cross-sectional | India | Lower-middle | Self-reported | 2006 | 632 | 422 | 67.0 | Moderate |
Karaçam 2012 [73] | Randomised controlled trial | Turkey | Upper-middle | Direct observation | 2009 | 396 | 167 | 42.2 | Low |
Karacam 2017 [74] | Cross-sectional | Turkey | Upper-middle | Direct observation | 2014 | 303 | 83 | 27.4 | Low |
Kawasoe 2019 [75] | Case–control | Japan | High | Medical records | 2016 | 462 | 48 | 10.4 | Low |
Lazzerini 2018 [76] | Cross-sectional | Italy | High | Self-reported | 2018 | 807 | 106 | 13.1 | Low |
Leal 2019a [77] | Cross-sectional | Brazil | Upper-middle | Not specified | 2017 | 5998 | 954 | 15.9 | Moderate |
Leal 2019b [77] | Cross-sectional | Brazil | Upper-middle | Not specified | 2017 | 1096 | 235 | 21.4 | Moderate |
Lemos 2011 [78] | Cross-sectional | Brazil | Upper-middle | Direct observation | Not specified | 33 | 12 | 36.4 | Moderate |
Leombroni 2019 [79] | Cross-sectional | Italy | High | Direct observation | 2016 | 104 | 31 | 29.8 | Moderate |
Lima 2018 [80] | Cross-sectional | Brazil | Upper-middle | Not specified | 2014 | 460 | 71 | 15.5 | Low |
Lopes 2019a [81] | Cross-sectional | Brazil | Upper-middle | Not specified | 2012 | 293 | 25 | 8.5 | Moderate |
Lopes 2019b [81] | Cross-sectional | Brazil | Upper-middle | Not specified | 2016 | 499 | 61 | 13.6 | Moderate |
Martins Franco Motta 2016 [82] | Cross-sectional | Brazil | Upper-middle | Not specified | 2013 | 51 | 32 | 62.7 | Moderate |
Masuda 2020 [5] | Cross-sectional | Philippines | Lower-middle | Direct observation | 2018 | 170 | 53 | 31.2 | Low |
Matsuo 2009 [15] | Cross-sectional | Japan | High | Medical records | 2006 | 661 | 39 | 5.9 | Low |
Maves 2020 [83] | Descriptive | India | Lower-middle | Direct observation | 2019 | 16 | 11 | 69.0 | Moderate |
Mohamed 2017 [84] | Cross-sectional | Egypt | Lower-middle | Direct observation | 2017 | 672 | 428 | 63.1 | Low |
Moiety 2014 [16] | Cross-sectional | Egypt | Lower-middle | Direct observation | 2011 | 8097 | 1974 | 24.4 | Low |
Mollberg 2005 [33] | Cross-sectional | Sweden | High | Medical records | 1997 | 13,716 | 5236 | 38.2 | Low |
Mollberg 2007 [85] | Case–control | Sweden | High | Direct observation | 2001 | 557 | 90 | 16.2 | Low |
Monguilhott 2018 [86] | Cross-sectional | Brazil | Upper-middle | Self-reported | 2011 | 2070 | 571 | 27.6 | Low |
Okumus 2017 [87] | Descriptive | Turkey | Upper-middle | Medical records | 2016 | 240 | 138 | 57.5 | Moderate |
Pazandeh 2015a [88] | Cross-sectional | Iran | Upper-middle | Direct observation | 2012 | 24 | 16 | 66.7 | Low |
Pazandeh 2015b [88] | Cross-sectional | Iran | Upper-middle | Self-reported | 2012 | 100 | 59 | 59.0 | Low |
Pifarotti 2014 [89] | Case–control | Italy | High | Medical records | 2010 | 405 | 39 | 9.6 | Low |
Pinar 2018 [17] | Cross-sectional | Turkey | Upper-middle | Direct observation | 2014 | 350 | 107 | 30.6 | Low |
Prado 2017 [90] | Cross-sectional | Brazil | Upper-middle | Self-reported | 2016 | 456 | 145 | 31.7 | Low |
Raj 2017 [91] | Cross-sectional | India | Lower-middle | Self-reported | 2015 | 2639 | 211 | 8.0 | Low |
Ratcliffe 2016 [92] | Cross-sectional | Tanzania | Low | Direct observation | 2014 | 208 | 7 | 3.4 | Moderate |
Rathfisch 2011 [93] | Descriptive | Turkey | Upper-middle | Direct observation | Not specified | 537 | 245 | 45.6 | Low |
Rohde 2016 [94] | Cross-sectional | Portugal | High | Self-reported | 2015 | 468 | 165 | 35.0 | Moderate |
Ruiz de Vinaspre Hernandez 2013 [95] | Retrospective cohort | Spain | High | Medical records | 2010 | 212 | 71 | 33.5 | Low |
Sandin-Bojo 2006 [96] | Cross-sectional | Sweden | High | Medical records | 1999 | 192 | 25 | 13.0 | Low |
Santos 2016 [97] | Quasi-experimental before-and-after | Brazil | Upper-middle | Self-reported | 2016 | 35 | 2 | 5.7 | Moderate |
Sehhati 2013 [98] | Descriptive | Iran | Upper-middle | Not specified | 2012 | 499 | 153 | 30.7 | Low |
Sharma 2019 [99] | Cross-sectional | India | Lower-middle | Direct observation | 2015 | 275 | 79 | 29.0 | Low |
Shimada 2013 [100] | Case–control | Japan | High | Medical records | 2012 | 6317 | 634 | 10.0 | Low |
Skrablin 2011 [101] | Cross-sectional | Croatia | High | Direct observation | 2010 | 205 | 35 | 17.1 | Low |
Sonoda 2012 [102] | Cross-sectional | Japan | High | Medical records | 2009 | 761 | 68 | 8.9 | Low |
Sousa 2016 [103] | Cross-sectional | Brazil | Upper-middle | Not specified | 2012 | 237 | 22 | 9.3 | Low |
Sturzenegger 2017 [104] | Retrospective cohort | Switzerland | High | Medical records | 2013 | 17,957 | 1447 | 8.1 | Low |
Suzuki 2014 [105] | Cross-sectional | Japan | High | Medical records | 2012 | 64 | 15 | 24.0 | Low |
Ukke 2019 [106] | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Low | Self-reported | 2017 | 214 | 35 | 16.4 | Low |
Vora 2018 [107] | Cross-sectional | India | Lower-middle | Self-reported | 2014 | 1616 | 259 | 16.0 | Moderate |