Table 2 Sample characteristics (N = 4309)
Variable | Total | Boys | Girls | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 4309 | N = 2031 | N = 2278 | ||
Site | 0.14 | |||
Bandar Lampung | 1143 (26.5%) | 543 (26.7%) | 600 (26.3%) | |
Denpasar | 1682 (39.0%) | 818 (40.3%) | 864 (37.9%) | |
Semarang | 1484 (34.4%) | 670 (33.0%) | 814 (35.7%) | |
Individual | ||||
Age (mean) | 12.2 (0.5) | 12.2 (0.6) | 12.1 (0.5) | < 0.001 |
10–12 years | 3356 (77.9%) | 1499 (73.8%) | 1857 (81.5%) | |
13–14 years | 953 (22.1%) | 532 (26.2%) | 421 (18.5%) | |
Pubertal onset | < 0.001 | |||
Prepubertal | 310 (7.2%) | 194 (9.6%) | 116 (5.1%) | |
Pubertal | 3999 (92.8%) | 1837 (90.4%) | 2162 (94.9%) | |
Religion | 0.55 | |||
Islam | 2725 (63.2%) | 1264 (62.2%) | 1461 (64.1%) | |
Hinduism | 1477 (34.3%) | 715 (35.2%) | 762 (33.5%) | |
Christian/other | 91 (2.5%) | 43 (2.5%) | 48 (2.4%) | |
Religiosity | < 0.001 | |||
Low | 618 (14.3%) | 248 (12.2%) | 370 (16.2%) | |
High | 3691 (85.7%) | 1783 (87.8%) | 1908 (83.8%) | |
Perceived voice (median, IQR) | 3.0 (2.6, 3.4) | 2.9 (2.3, 3.3) | 3.0 (2.7, 3.4) | < 0.001 |
Low | 2461 (57.1%) | 1284 (63.2%) | 1177 (51.7%) | < 0.001 |
High | 1848 (42.9%) | 747 (36.8%) | 1101 (48.3%) | |
Decision-making (median, IQR) | 3.0 (2.5, 3.2) | 3.0 (2.3, 3.2) | 3.0 (2.5, 3.2) | 0.003 |
Low | 2828 (65.6%) | 1365 (67.2%) | 1463 (64.2%) | 0.039 |
High | 1481 (34.4%) | 666 (32.8%) | 815 (35.8%) | |
Relationship status | < 0.001 | |||
Never in relationship | 2581 (59.9%) | 1118 (55.0%) | 1463 (64.2%) | |
Ever but not currently | 994 (23.1%) | 445 (21.9%) | 549 (24.1%) | |
Currently in relationship | 734 (17.0%) | 468 (23.0%) | 266 (11.7%) | |
Ever non-coital sexual activities | < 0.001 | |||
No | 3089 (71.7%) | 1383 (68.1%) | 1706 (74.9%) | |
Yes | 1220 (28.3%) | 648 (31.9%) | 572 (25.1%) | |
Ever sexual intercourse | < 0.001 | |||
No | 4255 (98.7%) | 1982 (97.6%) | 2273 (99.8%) | |
Yes | 54 (1.3%) | 49 (2.4%) | 5 (0.2%) | |
Family | ||||
Main caregiver | 0.027 | |||
Mother | 3830 (88.9%) | 1772 (87.2%) | 2058 (90.3%) | |
Father | 240 (5.6%) | 129 (6.4%) | 111 (4.9%) | |
Sibling | 21 (0.5%) | 12 (0.6%) | 9 (0.4%) | |
Grandparent | 119 (2.8%) | 67 (3.3%) | 52 (2.3%) | |
Other | 99 (2.3%) | 51 (2.5%) | 48 (2.1%) | |
Living with | < 0.001 | |||
Both parents | 3695 (85.7%) | 1717 (84.5%) | 1978 (86.8%) | |
One parent | 386 (9.0%) | 171 (8.4%) | 215 (9.4%) | |
Grandparents/other | 228 (5.3%) | 143 (7.0%) | 85 (3.7%) | |
Parental connectedness | 0.007 | |||
Low | 507 (11.8%) | 254 (12.5%) | 253 (11.1%) | |
Somewhat | 1024 (23.8%) | 517 (25.5%) | 507 (22.3%) | |
High | 2778 (64.5%) | 1260 (62.0%) | 1518 (66.6%) | |
School/community | ||||
Educational aspirations | < 0.001 | |||
≤ Junior high | 128 (3.0%) | 88 (4.3%) | 40 (1.8%) | |
Senior high/dipl | 784 (18.2%) | 513 (25.3%) | 271 (11.9%) | |
University | 3322 (77.1%) | 1389 (68.4%) | 1933 (84.9%) | |
Other | 75 (1.7%) | 41 (2.0%) | 34 (1.5%) | |
School days missed last month | < 0.001 | |||
None | 3038 (70.5%) | 1363 (67.1%) | 1675 (73.5%) | |
1–2 days | 1114 (25.9%) | 580 (28.6%) | 534 (23.4%) | |
3 or more days | 157 (3.6%) | 88 (4.3%) | 69 (3.0%) | |
Ever felt threatened at school | < 0.001 | |||
No | 3558 (82.6%) | 1627 (80.1%) | 1931 (84.8%) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 751 (17.4%) | 404 (19.9%) | 347 (15.2%) | |
Access to social media | ||||
No | 295 (6.8%) | 161 (7.9%) | 134 (5.9%) | < 0.01 |
Yes | 4014 (93.2) | 1870 (92.1%) | 2144 (94.1%) |