| Proportions of GWG | Inadequate vs Adequate | Excess vs Adequate | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Inadequate GWG n(%) | Adequate GWG n(%) | Excess GWG n(%) | Crude Odds Ratio (COR) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) | P-value for AOR | Crude Odds Ratio (COR) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) | P-value for AOR |
Educational status | P-value = 0.184 | ||||||||
 No formal education | 27 (77.1) | 7 (20.0) | 1(2.9) | 2.69 [1.04, 6.98] | 2.16 [0.70, 6.66] | 0.178 | 1.07 [0.10, 11.13] | 1.20 [0.09, 16.86] | 0.894 |
 Primary education (1–8) | 100 (65.8) | 44 (28.9) | 8(5.3) | 1.59 [0.88, 2.85] | 1.34 [0.63, 2.84] | 0.442 | 1.36 [0.38, 4.94] | 1.60 [0.32, 7.83] | 0.569 |
 Secondary education (9–12) | 77 (74.0) | 22 (21.2) | 5 (4.8) | 2.44 [1.26, 4.75] | 1.63 [0.74, 3.60] | 0.159 | 1.70 [0.41, 7.09] | 1.66 [0.33, 8.41] | 0.542 |
 Tertiary education | 43 (55.8) | 30 (39.0) | 4 (5.2) | Reference | Reference |  | Reference | Reference |  |
Wealth quartile | P-value = 0.247 | ||||||||
 Lowest | 53 (74.7) | 15 (21.1) | 3 (4.2) | Reference | Reference |  | Reference | Reference |  |
 Second | 45 (59.2) | 30 (39.5) | 1 (1.3) | 0.42 [0.20, 0.89] | 0.39 [0.17, 0.86] | 0.021 | 0.17 [0.02, 1.74] | 0.09 [0.01, 1.10] | 0.060 |
 Middle | 53 (70.7) | 18 (24.0) | 4 (5.3) | 0.83 [0.38, 1.82] | 0.91 [0.39, 2.12] | 0.832 | 1.11 [0.21, 5.76] | 1.32 [0.22, 7.94] | 0.762 |
 Fourth | 53 (69.7) | 18 (23.7) | 5 (6.6) | 0.83 [0.38, 1.82] | 1.12 [0.46, 2.72] | 0.806 | 1.39 [0.28, 6.79] | 1.95 [0.33, 11.46] | 0.459 |
 Highest | 44 (62.0) | 22 (31.0) | 5 (7.0) | 0.57 [0.26, 1.22] | 0.83 [0.34, 2.01] | 0.679 | 1.14 [0.24, 5.49] | 1.63 [0.27, 9.93] | 0.598 |
Occupational status | P-value = 0.015 | ||||||||
Employee | 66 (55.5) | 46 (38.7) | 7 (5.9) | Reference | Reference | Â | Reference | Reference | Â |
Do not have paid employment | 140(76.1) | 37 (20.1) | 7 (3.8) | 2.64 [1.56, 4.45] | 2.17[1.16, 4.07] | 0.016 | 1.24 [0.40, 3.86] | 1.00 [0.26, 3.83] | 0.998 |
Merchant | 26 (66.7) | 10 (25.6) | 3 (7.7) | 1.81 [0.80, 4.12] | 2.14 [0.81, 5.61] | 0.123 | 1.97 [0.43, 8.93] | 1.58 [0.26, 9.68] | 0.623 |
Other | 16 (59.3) | 10 (37.0) | 1 (3.7) | 1.12 [0.46, 2.68] | 0.76 [0.29, 2.01] | 0.585 | 0.66 [0.07, 5.95] | 0.65 [0.06, 6.92] | 0.723 |
Weight status | |||||||||
 Underweight | 51 (75.0) | 15 (22.1) | 2 (2.9) | 3.52 [1.62, 7.65] | 3.30 [1.32, 8.24] | 0.011 | 0.48 [0.09, 2.57] | 0.25 [0.03, 1.97] | 0.188 |
NÂ ormal weight | 169 (71.6) | 59 (25.0) | 8 (3.4) | 2.97 [1.63, 5.39] | 2.68 [1.37, 5.24] | 0.004 | 0.49 [0.17, 1.44] | 0.39 [0.11, 1.37] | 0.141 |
 Overweight or obese | 28 (43.1) | 29 (44.6) | 8 (12.3) | Reference | Reference |  | Reference | Reference |  |
MUAC | P-value = 0.187 | ||||||||
 Low MUAC (< 23 cm) | 49 (75.4) | 12 (18.5) | 4 (6.1) | 1.85 [0.94, 3.63] | 1.94 [0.87, 4.32] | 0.103 | 2.10 [0.59, 7.42] | 6.63 [1.38, 31.89] | 0.018 |
 High MUAC (≥ 23 cm) | 194 (65.6) | 88 (29.7) | 14 (4.7) | Reference | Reference |  | Reference | Reference |  |
Perinatal depression | P-value = 0.015 | ||||||||
 Yes | 26 (72.2) | 5(13.9) | 5 (13.9) | 2.30 [0.86, 6.15] | 2.56 [0.88, 7.46] | 0.086 | 7.54 [1.92, 29.61] | 12.50 [2.72, 57.54] | 0.001 |
 No | 222 (66.7) | 98 (29.4) | 13 (3.9) | Reference | Reference |  | Reference | Reference |  |
Asking permission from partners for health care seeking | P-value = 0.123 | ||||||||
 Yes | 112 (73.2) | 34 (22.2) | 7 (4.6) | 1.65 [1.02, 2.67] | 1.44 [0.83, 2.50] | 0.191 | 1.27 [0.45, 3.58] | 1.98 [0.59, 6.70] | 0.270 |
 No | 136 (63.3) | 68 (31.6) | 11 (5.1) | Reference | Reference |  | Reference | Reference |  |
Age | P-value = 0.965 | ||||||||
 Less than 20 years | 12 (66. 7) | 6 (33.3) | 0 | 0.83 [0.30, 2.28] | NA | NA | – | NA | NA |
 20–29 years | 198 (66.7) | 82 (27.6) | 17 (5.7) | Reference | NA | NA | Reference | NA | NA |
 30–40 years | 38 (70.4) | 15 (27.8) | 1 (1.8) | 1.05 [0.55, 2.01] | NA | NA | 0.32 [0.04, 2.60] | NA | NA |
Partners’ educational status (369) | P-value = 0.782 | ||||||||
 No formal education | 25 (83.3) | 5(16.7) | 0 | 2.43 [0.86, 6.90] | NA | NA | – | NA | NA |
 Primary education (1–8) | 62 (65.3) | 27 (28.4) | 6 (6.3) | 1.12 [0.61, 2.05] | NA | NA | 1.26 [0.36, 4.35] | NA | NA |
 Secondary education (9–12) | 91 (67.9) | 37 (27.6) | 6 (4.5) | 1.19 [0.68, 2.09] | NA | NA | 0.92 [0.27, 3.12] | NA | NA |
 Tertiary education | 70 (63.6) | 34 (30.9) | 6(5.5) | Reference |  | NA | Reference | Reference |  |
Minimum dietary diversity | P-value = 0.851 | ||||||||
 Low dietary diversity | 47 (70.1) | 17 (25.4) | 3 (4.5) | 1.18 [0.64, 2.18] | NA | NA | 1.01[0.26, 3.88] | NA | NA |
 High dietary diversity | 201(66.5) | 86 (28.5) | 15 (5.0) | Reference | NA | NA | Reference | NA | NA |
Food insecurity | P-value = 0.903 | ||||||||
 Food secure | 212 (67.1) | 89 (28.2) | 15 (4.7) | Reference | NA | NA | Reference | NA | NA |
 Food insecure | 33 (67.4) | 13 (26.5) | 3 (6.1) | 1.07 [0.54, 2.12] | NA | NA | 1.37 [0.35, 5.39] | NA | NA |
Intimate partner violence | P-value = 0.335 | ||||||||
 Yes | 44 (62.8) | 24 (34.3) | 2 (2.9) | 0.71 [0.41, 1.24] | NA | NA | 0.41 [0.09, 1.92] | NA | NA |
 No | 204 (68.2) | 79 (26.4) | 16 (5.4) | Reference | NA | NA | Reference | NA | NA |
Type of pregnancy (363) | P-value = 0.990 | ||||||||
 Intended | 221(67.0) | 91 (27.6) | 18(5.4.) | Reference | NA | NA | Reference | NA | NA |
 Unintended | 23 (69.7) | 10 (30.3) | 0 | 0.95 [0.43, 2.07] | NA | NA | – | NA | NA |
Number of pregnancy (369) | P-value = 0.333 | ||||||||
 First pregnancy | 116 (64.8) | 55 (30.7) | 8 (4.5) | Reference | NA | NA | Reference | NA | NA |
 Second | 80 (74.1) | 25 (23.1) | 3 (2.8) | 1.52 [0.87, 2.63] | NA | NA | 0.83 [0.20, 3.37] | NA | NA |
 Third | 36 (67.9) | 13 (24.5) | 4 (7.6) | 1.31 [0.63, 2.67] | NA | NA | 2.12 [0.55, 8.12] | NA | NA |
 Fourth and above | 16 (55.2) | 10 (34.5) | 3(10.3) | 0.76[0.32, 1.78] | NA | NA | 2.06 [0.47, 9.13] | NA | NA |
Level of physical activity (369) | P-value = 0.633 | ||||||||
 Low | 120 (68.6) | 47 (26.8) | 8 (4.6) | 1.60 [0.77, 3.30] | NA | NA | 2.55 [0.29, 22.10] | NA | NA |
 Moderate | 104 (67.5) | 41 (26.6) | 9 (5.9) | 1.59 [0.76, 3.32] | NA | NA | 3.29 [0.38, 28.24] | NA | NA |
 High | 24 (60.0) | 15 (37.5) | 1 (2.5) | Reference | NA | NA | Reference | NA | NA |