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Table 4 Predictors of gestational weight gain in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019

From: Patterns and predictors of gestational weight gain in Addis Ababa, Central Ethiopia: a prospective cohort study

 

Proportions of GWG

Inadequate vs Adequate

Excess vs Adequate

Variable

Inadequate GWG n(%)

Adequate GWG n(%)

Excess GWG n(%)

Crude Odds Ratio (COR)

Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)

P-value for AOR

Crude Odds Ratio (COR)

Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)

P-value for AOR

Educational status

P-value = 0.184

 No formal education

27 (77.1)

7 (20.0)

1(2.9)

2.69 [1.04, 6.98]

2.16 [0.70, 6.66]

0.178

1.07 [0.10, 11.13]

1.20 [0.09, 16.86]

0.894

 Primary education (1–8)

100 (65.8)

44 (28.9)

8(5.3)

1.59 [0.88, 2.85]

1.34 [0.63, 2.84]

0.442

1.36 [0.38, 4.94]

1.60 [0.32, 7.83]

0.569

 Secondary education (9–12)

77 (74.0)

22 (21.2)

5 (4.8)

2.44 [1.26, 4.75]

1.63 [0.74, 3.60]

0.159

1.70 [0.41, 7.09]

1.66 [0.33, 8.41]

0.542

 Tertiary education

43 (55.8)

30 (39.0)

4 (5.2)

Reference

Reference

 

Reference

Reference

 

Wealth quartile

P-value = 0.247

 Lowest

53 (74.7)

15 (21.1)

3 (4.2)

Reference

Reference

 

Reference

Reference

 

 Second

45 (59.2)

30 (39.5)

1 (1.3)

0.42 [0.20, 0.89]

0.39 [0.17, 0.86]

0.021

0.17 [0.02, 1.74]

0.09 [0.01, 1.10]

0.060

 Middle

53 (70.7)

18 (24.0)

4 (5.3)

0.83 [0.38, 1.82]

0.91 [0.39, 2.12]

0.832

1.11 [0.21, 5.76]

1.32 [0.22, 7.94]

0.762

 Fourth

53 (69.7)

18 (23.7)

5 (6.6)

0.83 [0.38, 1.82]

1.12 [0.46, 2.72]

0.806

1.39 [0.28, 6.79]

1.95 [0.33, 11.46]

0.459

 Highest

44 (62.0)

22 (31.0)

5 (7.0)

0.57 [0.26, 1.22]

0.83 [0.34, 2.01]

0.679

1.14 [0.24, 5.49]

1.63 [0.27, 9.93]

0.598

Occupational status

P-value = 0.015

Employee

66 (55.5)

46 (38.7)

7 (5.9)

Reference

Reference

 

Reference

Reference

 

Do not have paid employment

140(76.1)

37 (20.1)

7 (3.8)

2.64 [1.56, 4.45]

2.17[1.16, 4.07]

0.016

1.24 [0.40, 3.86]

1.00 [0.26, 3.83]

0.998

Merchant

26 (66.7)

10 (25.6)

3 (7.7)

1.81 [0.80, 4.12]

2.14 [0.81, 5.61]

0.123

1.97 [0.43, 8.93]

1.58 [0.26, 9.68]

0.623

Other

16 (59.3)

10 (37.0)

1 (3.7)

1.12 [0.46, 2.68]

0.76 [0.29, 2.01]

0.585

0.66 [0.07, 5.95]

0.65 [0.06, 6.92]

0.723

Weight status

 Underweight

51 (75.0)

15 (22.1)

2 (2.9)

3.52 [1.62, 7.65]

3.30 [1.32, 8.24]

0.011

0.48 [0.09, 2.57]

0.25 [0.03, 1.97]

0.188

N ormal weight

169 (71.6)

59 (25.0)

8 (3.4)

2.97 [1.63, 5.39]

2.68 [1.37, 5.24]

0.004

0.49 [0.17, 1.44]

0.39 [0.11, 1.37]

0.141

 Overweight or obese

28 (43.1)

29 (44.6)

8 (12.3)

Reference

Reference

 

Reference

Reference

 

MUAC

P-value = 0.187

 Low MUAC (< 23 cm)

49 (75.4)

12 (18.5)

4 (6.1)

1.85 [0.94, 3.63]

1.94 [0.87, 4.32]

0.103

2.10 [0.59, 7.42]

6.63 [1.38, 31.89]

0.018

 High MUAC (≥ 23 cm)

194 (65.6)

88 (29.7)

14 (4.7)

Reference

Reference

 

Reference

Reference

 

Perinatal depression

P-value = 0.015

 Yes

26 (72.2)

5(13.9)

5 (13.9)

2.30 [0.86, 6.15]

2.56 [0.88, 7.46]

0.086

7.54 [1.92, 29.61]

12.50 [2.72, 57.54]

0.001

 No

222 (66.7)

98 (29.4)

13 (3.9)

Reference

Reference

 

Reference

Reference

 

Asking permission from partners for health care seeking

P-value = 0.123

 Yes

112 (73.2)

34 (22.2)

7 (4.6)

1.65 [1.02, 2.67]

1.44 [0.83, 2.50]

0.191

1.27 [0.45, 3.58]

1.98 [0.59, 6.70]

0.270

 No

136 (63.3)

68 (31.6)

11 (5.1)

Reference

Reference

 

Reference

Reference

 

Age

P-value = 0.965

 Less than 20 years

12 (66. 7)

6 (33.3)

0

0.83 [0.30, 2.28]

NA

NA

–

NA

NA

 20–29 years

198 (66.7)

82 (27.6)

17 (5.7)

Reference

NA

NA

Reference

NA

NA

 30–40 years

38 (70.4)

15 (27.8)

1 (1.8)

1.05 [0.55, 2.01]

NA

NA

0.32 [0.04, 2.60]

NA

NA

Partners’ educational status (369)

P-value = 0.782

 No formal education

25 (83.3)

5(16.7)

0

2.43 [0.86, 6.90]

NA

NA

–

NA

NA

 Primary education (1–8)

62 (65.3)

27 (28.4)

6 (6.3)

1.12 [0.61, 2.05]

NA

NA

1.26 [0.36, 4.35]

NA

NA

 Secondary education (9–12)

91 (67.9)

37 (27.6)

6 (4.5)

1.19 [0.68, 2.09]

NA

NA

0.92 [0.27, 3.12]

NA

NA

 Tertiary education

70 (63.6)

34 (30.9)

6(5.5)

Reference

 

NA

Reference

Reference

 

Minimum dietary diversity

P-value = 0.851

 Low dietary diversity

47 (70.1)

17 (25.4)

3 (4.5)

1.18 [0.64, 2.18]

NA

NA

1.01[0.26, 3.88]

NA

NA

 High dietary diversity

201(66.5)

86 (28.5)

15 (5.0)

Reference

NA

NA

Reference

NA

NA

Food insecurity

P-value = 0.903

 Food secure

212 (67.1)

89 (28.2)

15 (4.7)

Reference

NA

NA

Reference

NA

NA

 Food insecure

33 (67.4)

13 (26.5)

3 (6.1)

1.07 [0.54, 2.12]

NA

NA

1.37 [0.35, 5.39]

NA

NA

Intimate partner violence

P-value = 0.335

 Yes

44 (62.8)

24 (34.3)

2 (2.9)

0.71 [0.41, 1.24]

NA

NA

0.41 [0.09, 1.92]

NA

NA

 No

204 (68.2)

79 (26.4)

16 (5.4)

Reference

NA

NA

Reference

NA

NA

Type of pregnancy (363)

P-value = 0.990

 Intended

221(67.0)

91 (27.6)

18(5.4.)

Reference

NA

NA

Reference

NA

NA

 Unintended

23 (69.7)

10 (30.3)

0

0.95 [0.43, 2.07]

NA

NA

–

NA

NA

Number of pregnancy (369)

P-value = 0.333

 First pregnancy

116 (64.8)

55 (30.7)

8 (4.5)

Reference

NA

NA

Reference

NA

NA

 Second

80 (74.1)

25 (23.1)

3 (2.8)

1.52 [0.87, 2.63]

NA

NA

0.83 [0.20, 3.37]

NA

NA

 Third

36 (67.9)

13 (24.5)

4 (7.6)

1.31 [0.63, 2.67]

NA

NA

2.12 [0.55, 8.12]

NA

NA

 Fourth and above

16 (55.2)

10 (34.5)

3(10.3)

0.76[0.32, 1.78]

NA

NA

2.06 [0.47, 9.13]

NA

NA

Level of physical activity (369)

P-value = 0.633

 Low

120 (68.6)

47 (26.8)

8 (4.6)

1.60 [0.77, 3.30]

NA

NA

2.55 [0.29, 22.10]

NA

NA

 Moderate

104 (67.5)

41 (26.6)

9 (5.9)

1.59 [0.76, 3.32]

NA

NA

3.29 [0.38, 28.24]

NA

NA

 High

24 (60.0)

15 (37.5)

1 (2.5)

Reference

NA

NA

Reference

NA

NA

  1. NA* not illegible to be included into multivariable regression because the p-values were > 0.25 in bi-variable regression