Outcomes | Studies | Participants | Traditional pairwise meta-analysis (TMA) | Network meta-analysis (NMA) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heterogeneity | Effect estimate (95% CI) | Studies | Effect estimate (95% CI) | |||
(A) | ||||||
Menstrual frequency | ||||||
 TZDs vs Met | 6 | 299 | (P = 0.002); I2 = 74% | 1.17 [0.43, 3.17] | 7 | 1.20 [0.52, 2.76] |
 TZDs + Met vs Met | 3 | 167 | (P = 0.88); I2 = 0% | 3.91 [1.75, 8.72] | 3 | 2.41 [0.75, 7.71] |
 MI vs Met | 1 | 46 | Not applicable | 1.11 [0.24, 5.11] | 4 | 0.89 [0.14, 5.56] |
 MI + DCI vs Met | 1 | 64 | Not applicable | 11.67 [2.37, 57.36] | 3 | 14.70 [2.31, 93.58] |
 MI + DCI vs MI | 2 | 44 | (P = 0.38); I2 = 0% | 21.92 [2.99, 160.44] | 3 | 16.51 [2.56, 106.64] |
TT | ||||||
 TZDs vs Met | 7 | 322 | (P = 0.22); I2 = 27% | 5.27 [0.98, 9.55] | 8 | 3.90 [1.10, 6.71] |
 TZDs + Met vs Met | 4 | 307 | (P = 0.44); I2 = 0% | − 3.14 [− 6.19, − 0.09] | 4 | − 3.66 [− 6.60, − 0.72] |
 MI vs Met | 2 | 120 | (P = 0.66); I2 = 0% | 0.31 [− 0.69, 1.32] | 6 | 0.37 [− 0.63, 1.37] |
 MI + DCI vs Met | 1 | 64 | Not applicable | − 5.48 [− 10.27, − 0.69] | 3 | − 6.72 [− 10.24, − 3.20] |
 BBR + Met vs Met | 2 | 140 | (P = 1.00); I2 = 0% | − 11.53 [− 16.91, − 6.15] | 2 | − 11.53 [− 16.91, − 6.15] |
 MI + DCI vs MI | 2 | 72 | (P = 0.63); I2 = 0% | − 8.50 [− 13.60, − 3.40] | 3 | − 7.09 [− 10.62, − 3.56] |
BMI | ||||||
 TZDs vs Met | 8 | 322 | (P = 0.42); I2 = 1% | 1.26 [0.78, 1.75] | 7 | 1.23 [0.75, 1.70] |
 TZDs + Met vs Met | 4 | 171 | (P = 0.68); I2 = 0% | − 0.03 [− 1.02, 0.95] | 3 | 0.22 [− 0.71, 1.14] |
 MI vs Met | 5 | 279 | (P = 0.47); I2 = 0% | 0.28 [0.06, 0.50] | 8 | 0.29 [0.09, 0.49] |
 MI + DCI vs Met | / | / | / | / | 3 | − 0.19 [− 1.61, 1.23] |
 BBR + Met vs Met | 2 | 140 | (P = 0.32); I2 = 0% | − 1.85 [− 2.76, − 0.94] | 2 | − 1.85 [− 2.76, − 0.94] |
 MI + DCI vs MI | 3 | 80 | (P = 0.98); I2 = 0% | − 0.48 [− 1.89, 0.93] | 3 | − 0.48 [− 1.89, 0.93] |
FPG | ||||||
 TZD vs Met | 7 | 272 | (P < 0.00001); I2 = 86% | − 0.10 [− 0.21, 0.01] | 5 | − 0.12 [− 0.21, − 0.02] |
 TZD + Met vs Met | 5 | 307 | (P = 0.79); I2 = 0% | − 0.05 [− 0.15, 0.06] | 5 | 0.00 [− 0.14, 0.15] |
 MI vs Met | 3 | 173 | (P = 0.22); I2 = 34% | − 0.05 [− 0.12, 0.02] | 5 | − 0.05 [− 0.19, 0.09] |
 MI + DCI vs Met | 1 | 64 | Not applicable | − 0.09 [− 0.17, − 0.01] | 6 | − 0.18 [− 0.37, 0.02] |
 MI + DCI vs MI | 2 | 72 | (P = 0.22); I2 = 35% | − 0.25 [− 0.56, 0.05] | 3 | − 0.13 [− 0.33, 0.08] |
FINS | ||||||
 TZDs vs Met | 8 | 357 | (P < 0.00001); I2 = 97% | − 2.50 [− 6.23, 1.23] | 7 | − 2.38 [− 4.94, 0.19] |
 TZDs + Met vs Met | 4 | 259 | (P = 0.19); I2 = 37% | − 1.83 [− 3.12, − 0.55] | 4 | − 2.56 [− 6.03, 0.92] |
 MI vs Met | 3 | 173 | (P = 0.23); I2 = 32% | − 0.22 [− 0.75, 0.32] | 5 | − 0.40 [− 4.08, 3.27] |
 MI + DCI vs Met | 1 | 64 | Not applicable | − 1.37 [− 1.56, − 1.18] | 3 | − 1.38 [− 6.14, 3.38] |
 MI + DCI vs MI | 2 | 72 | (P = 0.36); I2 = 0% | − 0.76 [− 1.94, 0.42] | 3 | − 0.98 [− 5.28, 3.33] |
HOMA-IR | ||||||
 TZDs vs Met | 6 | 317 | (P < 0.00001); I2 = 97% | − 0.92 [− 1.64, − 0.19] | 4 | − 0.72 [− 1.11, − 0.34] |
 TZDs + Met vs Met | 4 | 259 | (P = 0.04); I2 = 65% | − 0.85 [− 1.21, − 0.49] | 4 | − 0.86 [− 1.29, − 0.43] |
 MI vs Met | 4 | 219 | (P = 0.004); I2 = 78% | − 0.20 [− 0.42, 0.01] | 6 | − 0.28 [− 0.66, 0.10] |
 MI + DCI vs Met | 1 | 64 | Not applicable | − 1.15 [− 1.25, − 1.05] | 3 | − 0.89 [− 1.46, − 0.32] |
 BBR + Met vs Met | 2 | 140 | (P = 0.37); I2 = 0% | − 0.25 [− 0.36, − 0.14] | 2 | − 0.25 [− 0.81, 0.31] |
 MI + DCI vs MI | 2 | 72 | (P = 0.97); I2 = 0% | − 0.39 [− 0.83, 0.06] | 3 | − 0.61 [− 1.18, − 0.05] |
(B) | ||||||
TG | ||||||
 TZDs vs Met | 7 | 261 | (P = 0.0002); I2 = 77% | − 0.01 [− 0.19, 0.16] | 7 | − 0.66 [− 1.00, − 0.32] |
 TZDs + Met vs Met | 3 | 178 | (P = 0.74); I2 = 0% | − 0.24 [− 0.43, − 0.06] | 3 | − 0.08 [− 0.16, − 0.00] |
 MI vs Met | 3 | 173 | (P = 0.60); I2 = 0% | − 0.03 [− 0.06, 0.00] | 3 | 0.14 [0.07, 0.21] |
 MI + DCI vs Met | 1 | 64 | Not applicable | − 0.08 [− 0.16, − 0.00] | 4 | 0.21 [− 0.26, 0.68] |
 TZDs + Met vs TZDs | 2 | 88 | (P = 0.10); I2 = 0% | 0.15 [− 0.18, 0.48] | 3 | − 0.51 [− 0.88, − 0.14] |
TC | ||||||
 TZDs vs Met | 8 | 346 | (P < 0.00001); I2 = 93% | − 0.06 [− 0.41, 0.29] | 8 | − 0.18 [− 0.46, 0.10] |
 TZDs + Met vs Met | 3 | 178 | (P = 0.98); I2 = 0% | − 0.30 [− 0.53, − 0.07] | 3 | − 0.15 [− 0.57, 0.27] |
 MI vs Met | 3 | 173 | (P = 0.67); I2 = 0% | 0.03 [− 0.01, 0.07] | 3 | 0.19 [− 0.29, 0.66] |
 MI + DCI vs Met | 1 | 64 | Not applicable | − 0.07 [− 0.16, 0.02] | 4 | − 0.07 [− 0.69, 0.55] |
HDL | ||||||
 TZDs vs Met | 8 | 346 | (P < 0.00001); I2 = 96% | 0.14 [− 0.03, 0.30] | 8 | 0.13 [0.03, 0.24] |
 TZDs + Met vs Met | 4 | 259 | (P = 0.53); I2 = 0% | − 0.00 [− 0.09, 0.09] | 4 | 0.05 [− 0.10, 0.20] |
 MI vs Met | 3 | 173 | (P = 0.10); I2 = 57% | 0.05 [0.03, 0.07] | 3 | 0.02 [− 0.14, 0.17] |
 MI + DCI vs Met | 1 | 64 | Not applicable | 0.00 [− 0.11, 0.11] | 4 | 0.00 [− 0.28, 0.28] |
LDL | ||||||
 TZDs vs Met | 7 | 261 | (P = 0.02); I2 = 59% | − 0.11 [− 0.29, 0.08] | 7 | − 0.19 [− 0.27, − 0.11] |
 TZDs + Met vs Met | 4 | 259 | (P = 0.96); I2 = 0% | − 0.10 [− 0.25, 0.05] | 4 | − 0.08 [− 0.24, 0.07] |
 MI vs Met | 3 | 173 | (P = 0.84); I2 = 0% | 0.01 [− 0.03, 0.05] | 3 | 0.01 [− 0.03, 0.05] |
 MI + DCI vs Met | 1 | 64 | Not applicable | − 0.07 [− 0.21, 0.07] | 4 | − 0.07 [− 0.21, 0.07] |
Gastrointestinal adverse events | ||||||
 TZDs vs Met | 6 | 253 | (P = 0.88); I2 = 0% | 0.11 [0.03, 0.41] | 6 | 0.13 [0.04, 0.46] |
 TZDs + Met vs Met | 3 | 237 | (P = 0.33); I2 = 11% | 0.67 [0.23, 1.93] | 3 | 0.76 [0.25, 2.27] |
 MI vs Met | 1 | 50 | Not applicable | 0.13 [0.01, 2.58] | 1 | 0.13 [0.01, 2.58] |
 MI + DCI vs Met | 1 | 64 | Not applicable | 0.08 [0.00, 1.45] | 1 | 0.08 [0.00, 1.45] |
 BBR vs Met | 1 | 60 | Not applicable | 3.10 [0.12, 79.23] | 1 | 3.10 [0.12, 79.23] |