Table 4 Baseline and post intervention outcomes from survey among girls menstruating at baseline and interviewed at endline

School engagement

School engagement^α (score 0–8):

 Baseline (N = 2544) (mean (SD) n)

6.5 (1.4) n = 627

6.6 (1.4) n = 632

6.5 (1.4) n = 629

6.5 (1.3) n = 656

 Endline (N = 2432) (mean (SD) n)

6.8 (1.4) n = 593

6.8 (1.3) n = 606

6.8 (1.3) n = 600

6.9 (1.3) n = 633

Intra-cluster correlation coefficient

0.0214

Coefficient (95% CI)

Reference

− 0.05 (− 0.33, 0.22)

0.14 (− 0.14, 0.42)

0.16 (− 0.14, 0.47)

P-value

0.703

0.329

0.294

Menstruation management

Has enough pads (= 1):

 Baseline (N = 2544) (n (%) N)

136 (21.7), N = 627

126 (19.9), N = 632

119 (18.9), N = 629

155 (23.6), N = 656

 Endline (N = 2541) (n (%) N)

350 (55.9), N = 626

521 (82.4), N = 632

371 (59.1), N = 628

543 (82.9), N = 655

Intra-cluster correlation coefficient

0.102

Coefficient (95% CI)

Reference

0.28 (0.20, 0.36)

0.06 (− 0.03, 0.14)

0.25 (0.17, 0.33)

P-value

 < 0.001

0.175

 < 0.001

Reporting leaking (= 1):

 Baseline (N = 2544) (n (%) N)

213 (34.0), N = 627

240 (38.0), N = 632

235 (37.4), N = 629

263 (40.1), N = 656

 Endline (N = 2432) (n (%) N)

161 (27.2), N = 593

125 (20.6), N = 606

143 (23.8), N = 600

138 (21.8), N = 633

Intra-cluster correlation coefficient

0.0139

Coefficient (95% CI)

Reference

− 0.10 (− 0.18, − 0.03)

− 0.06 (− 0.13, 0.01)

− 0.11 (− 0.20, − 0.02)

P-value

0.005

0.118

0.014

Reproductive health attitudes

Menstruation attitudes^# (score:0–12):

 Baseline (N = 2544) (mean (SD) n)

7.7 (1.7) n = 627

7.6 (1.8) n = 632

7.5 (1.8) n = 629

7.6 (1.7) n = 656

 Endline (N = 2432) (mean (SD) n)

8.1 (1.6) n = 593

8.2 (1.6) n = 606

8.6 (1.6) n = 600

8.9 (1.6) n = 633

Intra-cluster correlation coefficient

0.0714

Coefficient (95% CI)

Reference

0.16 (− 0.10, 0.41)

0.63 (0.40, 0.86)

0.85 (0.64, 1.07)

P-value

0.230

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Reproductive health knowledge

Pregnancy knowledge (score:0–4):

 Baseline (N = 2544) (mean (SD) n)

1.9 (0.9) n = 627

2.0 (0.8) n = 632

1.9 (0.9) n = 629

1.8 (0.9) n = 656

 Endline (N = 2544) (mean (SD) n)

2.2 (0.9) n = 627

2.1 (0.9) n = 632

2.2 (0.9) n = 629

2.3 (0.9) n = 656

Intra-cluster correlation coefficient

0.0412

Coefficient (95% CI)

Reference

− 0.15 (− 0.31, 0.01)

0.01 (− 0.16, 0.17)

0.18 (0.02, 0.34)

P-value

0.067

0.949

0.028

Can spontaneously name a method of modern contraception (= 1):

 Baseline (N = 2544) (n (%) N)

321 (51.2), n = 321

357 (56.5), n = 357

326 (51.8), n = 326

349 (53.2), n = 349

 Endline (N = 2544) (n (%) N)

404 (64.4), n = 404

425 (67.2), n = 425

463 (73.6), n = 463

465 (70.9), n = 465

Intra-cluster correlation coefficient

0.0150

Coefficient (95% CI)

Reference

− 0.03 (− 0.11, 0.06)

0.09 (0.01, 0.17)

0.04 (− 0.03, 0.12)

P-value

0.524

0.036

0.275

STI knowledge score (score:0–4):

 Baseline (N = 2544) (mean (SD) n)

0.4 (0.9) n = 627

0.5 (0.9) n = 632

0.4 (0.9) n = 629

0.4 (1.0) n = 656

 Endline (N = 2544) (mean (SD) n)

1.2 (1.2) n = 627

1.2 (1.2) n = 632

1.5 (1.2) n = 629

1.5 (1.2) n = 656

Intra-cluster correlation coefficient

0.0536

Coefficient (95% CI)

Reference

− 0.01 (− 0.19, 0.16)

0.31 (0.12, 0.49)

0.28 (0.10, 0.45)

P-value

0.873

0.002

0.002

HIV knowledge score (score:0–11):

 Baseline (N = 2544) (mean (SD) n)

7.8 (1.8) n = 627

8.0 (1.8) n = 632

8.0 (1.8) n = 629

8.0 (1.7) n = 656

 Endline (N = 2544) (mean (SD) n)

8.4 (1.7) n = 627

8.3 (1.8) n = 632

8.5 (1.7) n = 629

8.4 (1.6) n = 656

Intra-cluster correlation coefficient

0.0215

Coefficient (95% CI)

Reference

− 0.30 (− 0.61, 0.01)

− 0.05 (− 0.34. 0.24)

− 0.18 (− 0.43, 0 .08)

P-value

0.058

0.728

0.170

Gender norms

Gender norms in marriage (score:0–5):

 Baseline (N = 2544) (mean (SD) n)

3.3 (1.1) n = 627

3.3 (1.2) n = 632

3.2 (1.2) n = 629

3.2 (1.1) n = 656

 Endline (N = 2544) (mean (SD) n)

3.0 (1.2) n = 627

3.0 (1.2) n = 632

2.9 (1.2) n = 629

3.0 (1.2) n = 656

Intra-cluster correlation coefficient

0.0283

Coefficient (95% CI)

Reference

0.01 (− 0.20, 0.22)

0.08 (− 0.13, 0.29)

0.10 (− 0.12, 0.31)

P-value

0.921

0.455

0.374

Equitable adolescent gender norms (score:0–12):

 Baseline (N = 2544) (mean (SD) n)

5.7 (1.9) n = 627

5.5 (2.0) n = 632

5.6 (1.9) n = 629

5.5 (2.0) n = 656

 Endline (N = 2544) (mean (SD) n)

6.2 (1.8) n = 627

6.1 (1.8) n = 632

6.6 (1.9) n = 629

6.6 (1.8) n = 656

Intra-cluster correlation coefficient

0.0507

Coefficient (95% CI)

Reference

0.08 (− 0.25, 0.40)

0.45 (0.15, 0.74)

0.57 (0.30, 0.85)

P-value

0.640

0.003

 < 0.001

Gendered sexual norms (score:0–5):

 Baseline (N = 2544) (mean (SD) n)

1.8 (1.2) n = 627

1.8 (1.1) n = 632

1.7 (1.2) n = 629

1.8 (1.2) n = 656

 Endline (N = 2544) (mean (SD) n)

1.9 (1.2) n = 627

1.9 (1.2) n = 632

2.2 (1.3) n = 629

2.2 (1.3) n = 656

Intra-cluster correlation coefficient

0.0640

Coefficient (95% CI)

Reference

0.02 (− 0.18, 0.21)

0.46 (0.26, 0.65)

0.36 (0.15, 0.57)

P-value

0.878

 < 0.001

0.001

Agrees with IPV (= 1):

 Baseline (N = 2544) (n (%) N)

458 (73.0), n = 458

458 (72.5), n = 458

456 (72.5), n = 456

465 (70.9), n = 465

 Endline (N = 2544) (n (%) N)

454 (72.4), n = 454

461 (72.9), n = 461

477 (75.8), n = 477

470 (71.6), n = 470

Intra-cluster correlation coefficient

0.0344

Coefficient (95% CI)

Reference

0.01 (− 0.06, 0.09)

0.04 (− 0.04, 0.12)

0.01 (− 0.05, 0.08)

P-value

0.772

0.323

0.687

Self-efficacy

General self-efficacy (score:0–10):

 Baseline (N = 2544) (mean (SD) n)

5.1 (2.6) n = 627

5.2 (2.5) n = 632

5.2 (2.6) n = 629

5.5 (2.6) n = 656

 Endline (N = 2544) (mean (SD) n)

5.7 (2.4) n = 627

5.6 (2.5) n = 632

6.6 (2.3) n = 629

6.3 (2.5) n = 656

Intra-cluster correlation coefficient

0.0444

Coefficient (95% CI)

Reference

− 0.16 (− 0.54, 0.23)

0.80 (0.37, 1.24)

0.22 (− 0.20, 0.64)

P-value

0.420

 < 0.001

0.301