From: The impact of US policy on contraceptive access: a policy analysis
Date | Policy Change | Theoretical Impact ‡ |
---|---|---|
Jan 2009 | Barack Obama inaugurated as US president | - |
Feb 2009 | Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) enacted as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, increasing Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) privacy/security | ↑ Approachability |
Apr 2009 | The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lowers over-the-counter emergency contraceptive age to 17 years old | ↑ Availability/ Accommodation |
Jun 2009 | Title V abstinence-only-until-marriage program expires | ↑ Approachability |
Dec 2009 | Mikulski’s Women’s Health Amendment to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) passes, adding women’s preventive care as mandated services | ↑ Affordability |
Dec 2009 | Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2010 creates Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program | ↑ Appropriateness |
Mar 2010 | ACA signed into law | ↑ Affordability |
Mar 2010 | ACA amended through the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (HCERA) to include student loan reform, close the Medicare Part D donut hole, increase Medicaid payment rates, and expand Medicaid | ↑ Affordability |
Jun 2010 | US Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use published to provide recommendations on safe use of contraceptive methods | ↑ Appropriateness |
Dec 2010 | Healthy People 2020 establishes federal prevention agenda | ↑ Appropriateness |
Dec 2010 | Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2011 ends Community-Based Abstinence Education grant program and eliminates abstinence-only portion of the Adolescent Family Life Act | ↑ Approachability |
Jan 2011 | National Defense Authorization Act of 2011 creates TRICARE Young Adult, extending military member dependent coverage | ↑ Affordability |
Apr 2011 | “Dear Colleague letter” sent to colleges and universities regarding new Title IX guidance on student harassment | ↑ Acceptability |
Aug 2011 | ACA interim final rules announced in which the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) adopts IOM women’s preventive care guidelines, adding contraceptive coverage and preventive services to those covered by the ACA | ↑ Affordability |
Dec 2011 | HHS overrules FDA decision to make emergency contraception available over the counter regardless of age | ↓ Availability/ Accommodation |
Dec 2011 | Consolidated Appropriations Act of FY 2012 revives federal funding for abstinence-only programs by establishing the Competitive Abstinence Education (CAE) grant program | ↓ Approachability |
Jan 2012 | Final rule church exemption from ACA contraceptive requirement announced | ↓ Affordability |
Feb 2012 | Final rule ACA church exemption revised, extending it to other religious employers | ↓ Affordability |
Jun 2012 | National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) ruling upholding most ACA provisions but making Medicaid expansion optional for states | ↓ Affordability |
Aug 2012 | ACA contraceptive mandate implementation begins | ↑ Affordability |
Jan 2013 | Final Omnibus Rule fills gaps in existing HIPAA and HITECH regulations, increasing privacy/security | ↑ Approachability |
Jun 2013 | US Selected Practice Recommendations published to provide recommendations on how to use contraceptive methods safely and effectively | ↑ Appropriateness |
Jun 2013 | Safe Harbor rule announced, updating religious exemption to ACA contraceptive mandate | ↓ Affordability |
Mar 2013 | Campus Sexual Violence Elimination (Campus SaVE) Act integrated into the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013, increasing requirements for colleges for sexual assault response and increasing survivors’ rights | ↑ Acceptability |
Apr 2013 | Federal judge rules in Tummino v. Hamburg, removing age and point-of-sale restrictions on levonorgestrel-based emergency contraception, though 3-year market exclusivity was granted for Plan B® | ↑ Availability/ Accommodation |
Jan 2014 | Medicaid expansion goes into effect | ↑ Affordability |
Apr 2014 | Providing Quality Family Planning Services recommendations published, defining core services offered by family planning clinics | ↑ Appropriateness |
Jun 2014 | Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. SCOTUS ruling that for-profit companies with a religious objection to birth control are exempt from ACA contraceptive mandate | ↓ Affordability |
Aug 2014 | Veterans Access, Choice, and Accountability Act of 2014 allows Veterans with specific burdens to receive healthcare with Choice contracted non-VA providers | ↑ Availability/ Accommodation |
Jan 2015 | Navy increases availability of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) during basic training and added walk-in contraceptive clinics | ↑ Availability/ Accommodation |
Apr 2015 | Medicare and Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (MACRA) of 2015 passes, extending Community Health Center Fund for two years | ↑ Availability/ Accommodation |
May 2015 | HHS clarifies contraceptive methods covered under the ACA as preventive services | ↑ Affordability |
Oct 2015 | Indian Health Service increases over the counter emergency contraception accessibility to Indigenous people | ↑ Appropriateness |
Dec 2015 | Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2016 renames “Competitive Abstinence Education” program “Sexual Risk Avoidance Education” program | ↓ Approachability |
Jan 2016 | Marines restrict availability of LARCs at basic training and begin promoting injectable contraceptives over other methods | ↓ Availability/ Accommodation |
Mar 2016 | Providing Quality Family Planning Services recommendations revised | ↑ Appropriateness |
Apr 2016 | Plan B® market exclusivity expires, allowing all generic emergency contraceptives to be available over the counter without age or point-of-sale restrictions | ↑ Availability/ Accommodation |
May 2016 | Zubik v Burwell SCOTUS ruling sends 7 cases brought by religious nonprofits back to Courts of Appeal | ↑ Affordability |
Jul 2016 | US Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use updated | ↑ Appropriateness |
Jul 2016 | US Selected Practice Recommendations updated | ↑ Appropriateness |
Dec 2016 | Title X eligibility requirements amended, prohibiting exclusion from subawards for reasons other than ability to provide services | ↑ Availability/ Accommodation |
Jan 2017 | Donald Trump inaugurated as US president | - |
Jan 2017 | Anti-birth-control Katy Talento appointed to the White House Domestic Policy Council | - |
Apr 2017 | Neil Gorsuch confirmed as SCOTUS justice | - |
Apr 2017 | Joint Resolution of Disapproval nullifies Dec 2016 Title X eligibility amendment | ↓ Availability/ Accommodation |
May 2017 | Antiabortion activist Teresa Manning appointed to lead Title X programs | - |
Jun 2017 | Abstinence-only advocate Valerie Huber appointed HHS chief of staff to the assistant secretary for health | - |
Jul 2017 | Funding for Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program cut two years before grants were scheduled to end | ↓ Appropriateness |
Sept 2017 | Title IX guidance on student harassment (established in 2011 “Dear Colleague letter”) eliminated | ↓ Acceptability |
Sept 2017 | Title V abstinence-only program expired briefly | ↑ Approachability |
Oct 2017 | Interim rules released, extending religious exemption from ACA contraceptive mandate | ↓ Affordability |
Dec 2017 | Interim rules (extending religious exemption from ACA contraceptive mandate) challenged and blocked from implementation pending litigation | ↑ Affordability |
Feb 2018 | Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 extends Community Health Center Fund for two more years † | ↑ Availability/ Accommodation |
Feb 2018 | Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 rebrands and renews Title V abstinence-only program under new name “sexual risk avoidance education" program | ↓ Approachability |
Feb 2018 | Call for Title X funding applications radically shifts Title X program, emphasizing natural family planning over comprehensive and evidence-based care | ↓ Appropriateness |
Feb 2018 | Strategic Plan for 2018–2022, which states that life begins at conception, finalized as a guide for federal policy | ↓ Acceptability |
Apr 2018 | Funding Opportunity Announcements shift Teenage Pregnancy Prevention Program to promote abstinence-only sex education | ↓ Appropriateness |
Apr 2018 | District Court rules in Planned Parenthood of Greater Washington and North Idaho et al. v. HHS in favor of Planned Parenthood regarding Teenage Pregnancy Prevention grant termination | ↑ Appropriateness |
May 2018 | Domestic gag rule (AKA “Protect Life Rule”) announced, proposing ban on abortion referrals and abortion counseling for Title X recipients | ↓ Availability/ Accommodation |
May 2018 | Domestic gag rule challenged and blocked from implementation pending litigation | ↑ Availability/ Accommodation |
Jun 2018 | VA Mission Act of 2018 provides continuing education for community providers who serve veterans | ↑ Appropriateness |
Jun 2018 | Department of Labor expands reach of Association Health Plans | ↓ Affordability |
Jul 2018 | Circuit court blocks Interim Rules extending religious exemption from ACA contraceptive mandate | ↑ Affordability |
Aug 2018 | HHS shortens Title X funding period from 3 years to 7 months | ↓ Availability/ Accommodation |
Aug 2018 | Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services extends short-term health plan duration | ↓ Affordability |
Aug 2018 | District Court dismisses Planned Parenthood case against HHS regarding Teenage Pregnancy Prevention Program shift † | ↓ Appropriateness |
Oct 2018 | Brett Kavanaugh confirmed as SCOTUS justice | – |
Oct/Nov 2018 | Final Rules extending religious exemption from ACA contraceptive mandate released | ↓ Affordability |
Mar 2019 | Domestic gag rule finalized and immediately challenged | ↓ Availability/ Accommodation |
Mar 2019 | Federal judge invalidates Association Health Plans expansion on the grounds that it violates federal tax law † | ↑ Affordability |
May 2019 | Comprehensive Contraceptive Counseling and Access to the Full Range of Methods of Contraception establishes procedures for comprehensive contraceptive counseling for Military Health System beneficiaries | ↑ Appropriateness |
Jun 2019 | Nationwide injunction issued preventing ACA contraceptive mandate enforcement against those with religious objection | ↓ Affordability |
Jun/Jul 2019 | Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals denies stay that would block domestic gag rule, allowing it to begin going into effect | ↓ Availability/ Accommodation |
Jul 2019 | Nationwide injunction issued against ACA contraceptive mandate final rule exemptions | ↑ Affordability |
Jul 2019 | District Court rules to allow extension of short-term limited duration insurance | ↓ Affordability |
Aug 2019 | Over 1,000 clinics, including Planned Parenthood, withdraw from Title X | ↑ Availability/ Accommodation |
Oct 2019 | Petitions filed for Little Sisters of the Poor v. Pennsylvania and Donald J. Trump v. Pennsylvania (both are challenging rulings that block Trump’s religious exemption rules for the ACA contraceptive mandate) † | ↓ Affordability |