Table 4 Some countries in Europe and their ART regulations
Art regulations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Country | Current legislation/regulations | Year | Specifications |
Spain | Human Assisted Reproduction Technique Law 14/2006 Biomedical Law 14/2007 | 2006 2007 | It prohibits reproductive cloning, transfer of more than three embryos per reproductive cycle, germline modification, non-medical sex selection and the use of PGT for non-medical purposes Surrogacy is not recognized |
United Kingdom | Surrogacy Arrangement Act The Human Embryology and Fertilization Act Human Reproductive Cloning Act Human Fertilization and Embryology (Mitochondrial Donation) Regulations 2015, Nº 572 | 1985 1990 1990 2005 | Prohibit reproductive cloning, germline modification, non-medical sex selection, commercial egg and sperm donation, and commercial surrogacy. Regulates the use of donor gametes, assisted fertilization, PGT, gamete and reproductive tissue banking, and human embryo research |
Italy | Law No. 40. Medically Assisted Procreation Law | 2004 | 2009: the Constitutional Court declared as unconstitutional the maximum limit of embryos to be produced and transferred for each cycle (three, according to the original version) 2014: the Constitutional Court allowed heterologous assisted reproduction 2015: the Constitutional Court granted the right to access ART to couples who are fertile but carriers of genetic diseases |
France | Law on the Donation and Use of Elements and Products of the Human Body, Medically Assisted Procreation, and Prenatal Diagnosis, No. 94–654 Bioethics Law No. 2004–800 | 1994 2004 | The Bioethics Law prohibits reproductive and research cloning, germline modification, non-medical sex selection and surrogacy PGT is only allowed when a parent or close relative has a serious genetic disease |
Germany | Federal Embryo Protection Law Adoption Brokerage Law Guideline of the German Federal Medical Chamber | 1990 2006 2006 | Reproductive and research cloning, gamete donation, creation of hybrid embryos, cryopreservation of fertilized eggs, sex selection (except sperm selection for the prevention of certain sex-related genetic disorders), PGT and all forms of surrogacy are prohibited |
Switzerland | Federal Law on Medically Assisted Reproduction Federal Act on Research Involving Embryonic Stem Cells Federal Law on Medically Assisted Reproduction | 1998 2003 2004 | Reproductive and research cloning, egg and embryo donation, creation of an embryo for research purposes, creation of a hybrid embryo, germline modification, PGT, non-medical sex selection and surrogacy are prohibited. The destruction of cryopreserved gametes and embryos is mandated after 5 years |