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Table 2 Screening questionnaire test characteristics

From: Validation of an obstetric fistula screening questionnaire: a case–control study with clinical examination

Lower urinary tract fistula

Sensitivity (95% CI)

Specificity (95% CI)

AUC

5. When you are not urinating, do you routinely/consistently experience continuously dripping urine (through the birth canal/vagina) that you cannot stop/control?

0.95 (0.86, 0.99)

0.98 (0.96, 0.99)

0.97

6–3. Does the continuously dripping urine (through the birth canal/vagina) that you experience occur: Both all day and all night?

0.88 (0.77, 0.95)

0.99 (0.96, 1.00)

0.93

7–3. Do you leak urine all the time which wets your clothing: Both all day and all night?

0.83 (0.71, 0.92)

0.94 (0.91, 0.97)

0.89

8. Do you routinely/consistently experience sudden leakage of large amounts of urine?

0.83 (0.71, 0.92)

0.96 (0.93, 0.98)

0.90

8a. Does this urine leakage occur when you are not coughing or sneezing?

0.85 (0.73, 0.93)

0.97 (0.94, 0.98)

0.91

8b. Does this urine leakage occur without urgency?

0.80 (0.67, 0.89)

0.97 (0.94, 0.98)

0.88

21. Sometimes a woman can have a problem such that she experiences a constant leakage of urine or feces from her birth canal/vagina during the day and night. This problem usually occurs after a difficult childbirth, but may also occur after a sexual assault or after a pelvic surgery

Have you ever experienced (now or in the past) a constant leakage of urine and/or stool from your birth canal/vagina during the day and night?*

1.00 (0.94, 1.00)

0.95 (0.91, 0.97)

0.97

5 and 7–3

0.97 (0.88, 1.00)

0.94 (0.90, 0.96)

0.95

5 and 8a

1.00 (0.94, 1.00)

0.96 (0.93, 0.98)

0.98

5 and 21

1.00 (0.94, 1.00)

0.95 (0.91, 0.97)

0.97

6–3 and 21

1.00 (0.94, 1.00)

0.94 (0.70, 1.00)

0.96

7–3 and 21

1.00 (0.94, 1.00)

0.96 (0.80, 1.00)

0.94

8 and 21

1.00 (0.94, 1.00)

0.96 (0.78, 1.00)

0.94

8a and 21

1.00 (0.94, 1.00)

0.95 (0.76, 1.00)

0.95

8b and 21

1.00 (0.94, 1.00)

0.95 (0.76, 1.00)

0.94

16. When not being treated for infection (e.g. urinary tract infection), in a typical month, do you ever lose urine during sudden physical exertion, lifting, coughing or sneezing?

0.76 (0.63, 0.86)

0.66 (0.60, 0.71)

0.71

17. When not being treated for infections, in a typical month, do you ever experience such a strong and sudden urge to urinate that you leak before reaching the toilet?

0.59 (0.46, 0.72)

0.53 (0.46, 0.59)

0.56

16 and 17

0.88 (0.77, 0.95)

0.45 (0.39, 0.51)

0.67

International Consultation on Incontinence- Urinary Incontinence

When does urine leak?

   

Leaks before you can get to the toilet

0.63 (0.49, 0.75)

0.61 (0.55, 0.67)

0.57

Leaks when you cough or sneeze

0.64 (0.51, 0.76)

0.73 (0.67, 0.78)

0.62

Leaks when you are asleep

0.80 (0.67, 0.89)

0.93 (0.89, 0.95)

0.83

Leaks when you are physically active/exercising

0.71 (0.58, 0.82)

0.88 (0.84, 0.92)

0.75

Leaks when you have finished urinating and are dressed

0.39 (0.27, 0.53)

0.93 (0.89, 0.96)

0.71

Leaks for no obvious reason

0.86 (0.75, 0.94)

0.94 (0.90, 0.96)

0.86

Leaks all the time

0.78 (0.65, 0.88)

0.96 (0.93, 0.98)

0.88

Lower gastrointestinal tract fistula

Sensitivity (95% CI)

Specificity (95% CI)

AUC

9. When you are not having a bowel movement, do you routinely/consistently experience feces passing through the birth canal/vagina that you cannot stop/control?

0.88 (0.73, 0.97)

1.00 (0.99, 1.00)

0.94

18. We would like to ask you about any leakage of feces. Please do not include problems during short-term illness (such as a flu or virus/ diarrhea). Do you have problems with leakage of feces from the anus (accidents or soiling because of the inability to control the passage of feces until you reached a toilet)?

0.65 (0.46, 0.80)

0.98 (0.95, 0.99)

0.81

21. Sometimes a woman can have a problem such that she experiences a constant leakage of urine or feces from her birth canal/vagina during the day and night. This problem usually occurs after a difficult childbirth, but may also occur after a sexual assault or after a pelvic surgery

Have you ever experienced (now or in the past) a constant leakage of urine and/or stool from your birth canal/vagina during the day and night?*

0.85 (0.68, 0.95)

0.94 (0.70, 1.00)

0.90

9 and 18

0.97 (0.85, 1.00)

0.98 (0.95, 0.99)

0.98

9 and 21

0.91 (0.76, 0.98)

0.95 (0.91, 0.97)

0.95

18 and 21

0.91 (0.76, 0.98)

0.92 (0.89, 0.95)

0.94

  1. AUC area under the curve
  2. *Demographic health survey fistula screening question