Table 3 Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis of factors associated with optimal ANC visit in Ethiopia, EMDHS 2019

Individual-level factors

Age

 < 20

1.00

1.00

 20–34

1.13 (0.95–1.33)

1.09 (0.92–1.29)

 35–49

0.53 (0.15–1.92)

0.44 (0.12–1.62)

Education

 No education

1.00

1.00

 Primary

1.69 (1.39–2.05)

1.70 (1.41–2.06)***

 Secondary

2.91 (2.12–3.98)

2.94 (2.15–4.03)^***

 Higher

4.02 (2.63–6.12)

3.99 (2.62–6.09)^***

Wealth index

 Poorest

1.00

1.00

 Poorer

1.85 (1.43–2.39)

1.63 (1.26–2.11)***

 Middle

1.87 (1.41–2.47)

1.61 (1.21–2.12)**

 Richer

2.41 (1.79–3.24)

2.09 (1.56–2.82)***

 Richest

2.75(1.87–4.05)

1.78 (1.17–2.72)**

Having TV

 No

1.00

1.00

 Yes

2.23 (1.59–3.12)

1.98 (1.41–2.79)^***

Household size

 < 5

1.00

1.00

 5–10

0.81 (0.67–0.98)

0.81 (0.67–0.99)^**

 > 10

0.36 (0.22–0.61)

0.37 (0.22–0.61)^***

Community-level factors

Residence

 Urban

1.00

1.00

 Rural

0.27 (0.19–0.38)

0.58 (0.41–0.83)**

 Region

 Addis Ababa

1.00

1.00

 Tigray

0.89 (0.45–1.79)

1.19 (0.62–2.28)

 Afar

0.16 (0.08–0.33)

0.39 (0.20–0.76)**

 Amhara

0.59 (0.30–1.14)

0.89 (0.48–1.69)

 Oromia

0.37 (0.19–0.72)

0.53 (0.29–0.99)*

Somali

0.03 (0.02–0.07)

0.09 (0.04–0.19)***

 Benishangul Gumz

0.63 (0.31–1.26)

0.99 (0.52–1.92)

 SNNPR

0.25 (0.13–0.48)

0.34 (0.18–0.65)**

 Gambela

0.18 (0.09–0.36)

0.26(0.12–0.46)***

 Harari

0.24 (0.12–0.47)

0.25 (0.14–0.47)***

 Dire Dawa

0.55 (0.28–1.07)

0.74 (0.39–1.39)