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Table 2 Fixed and random effect analysis of factors associated with unmet needs for contraception

From: Unmet need for contraception and its associated factors among women in Papua New Guinea: analysis from the demographic and health survey

Variable

Model O

Model I

AOR [95% CI]

Model II

AOR [95% CI]

Model III

AOR [95% CI]

Fixed effect results

Women’s age (years)

15–19

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

20–24

 

1.02 [0.69,1.52]

 

1.04 [0.70,1.55]

25–29

 

0.69 [0.45,1.06]

 

0.70 [0.46,1.08]

30–34

 

0.68 [0.44,1.06]

 

0.70 [0.45,1.09]

35–39

 

0.70 [0.44,1.12]

 

0.73 [0.45,1.17]

40–44

 

0.82 [0.53,1.29]

 

0.87 [0.55,1.37]

45–49

 

0.64 [0.39,1.03]

 

0.67 [0.41,1.08]

Level of education

No education

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

Primary

 

0.92 [0.76,1.12]

 

0.97 [0.80,1.18]

Secondary

 

0.78 [0.61,1.00]

 

0.87 [0.67,1.13]

Higher

 

1.09 [0.48,2.45]

 

1.27 [0.56,2.88]

Marital status

Married

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

Cohabiting

 

1.28* [1.03,1.60]

 

1.25* [1.01,1.56]

Current working status

No

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

Yes

 

1.08 0.93,1.26]

 

1.09 [0.94,1.28]

Parity

    

Zero

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

1–3 births

 

1.57** [1.19,2.09]

 

1.57** [1.18,2.08]

4 or more births

 

1.64** [1.15,2.33]

 

1.60** [1.13,2.27]

Frequency of watching television

Not at all

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

Less than once a week

 

0.80 [0.56,1.14]

 

0.86 [0.60,1.23]

At least once a week

 

0.90 [0.66,1.23]

 

1.01 [0.73,1.39]

Frequency of listening to radio

Not at all

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

Less than once a week

 

0.79 [0.61,1.02]

 

0.80 [0.61,1.04]

At least once a week

 

0.78 [0.56,1.07]

 

0.80 [0.59,1.10]

Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine

Not at all

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

Less than once a week

 

1.11 [0.85,1.44]

 

1.13 [0.86,1.49]

At least once a week

 

0.77 [0.53,1.12]

 

0.81 [0.56,1.17]

Heard of family planning from newspaper or magazine last few months

No

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

Yes

 

1.02 [0.69,1.50]

 

1.05 [0.71,1.54]

Heard of family planning from television last few months

No

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

Yes

 

1.02 [0.61,1.71]

 

1.05 [0.63,1.75]

Heard of family planning from radio last few months

No

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

Yes

 

0.93 [0.72,1.21]

 

0.94 [0.73,1.22]

Person who usually decides on respondent’s health care

Respondent alone

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

 

1 [1.00,1.00]

Respondent and partner

 

0.87 [0.72,1.06]

 

0.86 [0.71,1.04]

Partner alone

 

1.37* [1.08,1.74]

 

1.35* [1.06,1.71]

Someone else or other

 

1.20 [0.55,2.61]

 

1.19 [0.55,2.57]

Wealthindex

Poorest

  

1 [1.00,1.00]

1 [1.00,1.00]

Poorer

  

0.85 [0.67,1.08]

0.86 [0.68,1.10]

Middle

  

0.73** [0.58,0.91]

0.75* [0.60,0.94]

Richer

  

0.65*** [0.51,0.83]

0.69** [0.53,0.90]

Richest

  

0.51*** [0.40,0.66]

0.59*** [0.43,0.80]

Sex of household head

Male

  

1 [1.00,1.00]

1 [1.00,1.00]

Female

  

0.86 [0.68,1.09]

0.87 [0.68,1.10]

Place of residence

Urban

  

1 [1.00,1.00]

1 [1.00,1.00]

Rural

  

1.15 [0.94,1.42]

1.08 [0.87,1.33]

Region

    

Southern region

  

1 [1.00,1.00]

1 [1.00,1.00]

Highlands region

  

1.07 [0.89,1.29]

1.05 [0.86,1.27]

Momase region

  

1.35** [1.11,1.64]

1.33** [1.09,1.63]

Islands region

  

1.08 [0.88,1.33]

1.10 [0.89,1.36]

Random effect model

PSU variance (95% CI)

0.398 [0.299, 0.531]

0.343 [0.251, 0.471]

0.328 [0.237, 0.453]

0.322 [0.232, 0.447]

ICC

0.1079641

0.0945348

0.0905374

.0891375

Wald chi-square

Reference

115.40 (< 0.001)

86.56 (< 0.001)

169.18 (< 0.001)

Model fitness

Log-likelihood

− 4839.6637

− 4755.7949

− 4799.8545

− 4735.382

AIC

9683.327

9565.59

9621.709

9542.764

N

7950

7950

7950

7950

Number of clusters

763

763

763

763

  1. Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets; AOR adjusted odds ratios, CI confidence interval; 1 = Reference category; PSU primary sampling unit; ICC  intra-class correlation, AIC  Akaike’s Information Criterion. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001