Table 4 The association between respondent characteristics and upsetting disrespect and abuse during labour and birth
Respondent characteristics | Pooled adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]* | |
|---|---|---|
Emotional pressure | ||
 Ethnicity | Both parents are born in the Netherlands | 1 (ref) |
Respondent and (one of) her parents born abroad | 2.1 [1.3–3.3]** | |
Respondent born in NL, (one of) her parents born abroad | 1.5 [1.0–2.1] | |
 Parity | First birth | 1 (ref) |
Second birth or more | 0.65 [0.50–0.83] | |
Unkindness/verbal abuse | ||
 Ethnicity | Both parents are born in the Netherlands | 1 (ref) |
Respondent and (one of) her parents born abroad | 1.5 [1.1–2.1] | |
Respondent born in NL, (one of) her parents born abroad | 1.4 [1.1–1.7] | |
 Parity | First birth | 1 (ref) |
Second birth or more | 0.56 [0.48–0.64] | |
Harsh or rough treatment/physical violence | ||
 Higher age | 0.98 [0.97–0.99] | |
 Ethnicity | Both parents are born in the Netherlands | 1 (ref) |
Respondent and (one of) her parents born abroad | 1.6 [1.3–2.1] | |
Respondent born in NL, (one of) her parents born abroad | 1.2 [0.95–1.4] | |
 Parity | First birth | 1 (ref) |
Second birth or more | 0.56 [0.50–0.63] | |
Lack of communication | ||
 Higher age | 0.98 [0.97–0.99] | |
 Ethnicity | Both parents are born in the Netherlands | 1 (ref) |
Respondent and (one of) her parents born abroad | 1.6 [1.2–2.0] | |
Respondent born in NL, (one of) her parents born abroad | 1.2 [1.0–1.4] | |
 Parity | First birth | 1 (ref) |
Second birth or more | 0.47 [0.42–0.52] | |
Lack of support | ||
 Ethnicity | Both parents are born in the Netherlands | 1 (ref) |
Respondent and (one of) her parents born abroad | 1.3 [1.0–1.7] | |
Respondent born in NL, (one of) her parents born abroad | 1.2 [1.0–1.4] | |
 Parity | First birth | 1 (ref) |
Second birth or more | 0.48 [0.43–0.54] | |
Lack of choices | ||
 Higher age | 0.98 [0.97–0.99] | |
 Ethnicity | Both parents are born in the Netherlands | 1 (ref) |
Respondent and (one of) her parents born abroad | 1.4 [1.1–1.8] | |
Respondent born in NL, (one of) her parents born abroad | 1.2 [1.0-1.4] | |
 Educational level | Low | 1 (ref) |
Middle | 1.1 [0.9–1.4] | |
High | 1.3 [1.1–1.7] | |
 Parity | First birth | 1 (ref) |
Second birth or more | 0.53 [0.48–0.59] | |
Discrimination | ||
 Ethnicity | Both parents are born in the Netherlands | 1 (ref) |
Respondent and (one of) her parents born abroad | 5.9 [3.0–11.6] | |
Respondent born in NL, (one of) her parents born abroad | 3.4 [2–5.9] | |
 Parity | First birth | 1 (ref) |
Second birth or more | 0.56 [0.34–0.93] | |