Table 2 Risk factors among women during preconception phase, Nashik, India, 2017–18
S. No | Risk factor | Study n = 3574 | Control n = 4301 | χ2 (p) | Tribal n = 2975 | Non-tribal n = 4900 | χ2 (p) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Age ≤ 19 years (n = 7783) | 602 | 654 | 3.03 (0.08) | 561 | 695 | 32.03 (< 0.001) |
2 | Age ≥ 35 years (n = 7783) | 58 | 56 | 3.25 (0.07) | 32 | 41 | 1.22 (0.27) |
3 | Illiterate (n = 7482) | 325 | 408 | 0.70 (0.40) | 490 | 243 | 327.26 (< 0.001) |
4 | Consanguinity (n = 7137) | 613 | 879 | 20.36 (< 0.001) | 592 | 900 | 7.08 (0.008) |
5 | Multiparity ≥ 4 (n = 7647) | 48 | 58 | 0.001 (0.98) | 76 | 30 | 52.94 (< 0.001) |
6 | Tobacco consumption (n = 7804) | 205 | 219 | 1.84 (0.17) | 312 | 112 | 247.3 (< 0.001) |
7 | Alcohol consumption (n = 7804) | 18 | 30 | 1.14 (0.29) | 30 | 18 | 12.75 (< 0.001) |
8 | Less calorie intake (n = 7872) | 40 | 71 | 3.97 (0.046) | 40 | 71 | 0.14 (0.70) |
9 | Less protein intake (n = 7871) | 33 | 71 | 7.93 (0.01) | 16 | 88 | 22.49 (< 0.001) |
10 | BMI < 18.5 (n = 7169) | 1355 | 1400 | 13.57 (< 0.001) | 1206 | 1549 | 114.69 (< 0.001) |
11 | BMI ≥ 25 (n = 7169) | 167 | 273 | 13.55 (< 0.001) | 92 | 348 | 46.81 (< 0.001) |
12 | Previous adverse outcome (n = 3656) | 81 | 106 | 0.762 (0.38) | 70 | 117 | 0.01 (0.94) |