Table 4 Multilevel models analysis on factors associated with adverse birth outcome (stillbirth, neonatal death, and neonatal illness) Benishangul Gumuz Region, Northwest Ethiopia 2021
Determinant factors | Adverse birth outcomes | Crud OR 95% CI | Adjusted OR 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||
Level-2 (community level) variables | ||||
 Place of residents | ||||
  Urban | 613 (85.5) | 104 (14.5) | 1 | 1 |
  Rural | 1204 (89.32) | 144 (10.68) | 1.12 (0.55, 2.27) | 2.17 (0.48, 9.85) |
 Time takes to reach HC | ||||
  < 2 h | 1362 (88.16) | 183 (11.84) | 1 | 1 |
  ≥ 2 h | 455 (87.50) | 65 (12.50) | 1.98 (1.15, 3.42) | 0.96 (0.32, 2.85) |
 Household wealth index | ||||
  1st quintile (poor) | 566 (84.60) | 103 (15.40) | 1.63 (0.97, 2.74) | 3.3 (1.07, 10.23) |
  2nd quintile (middle) | 604 (85.67) | 101 (14.33) | 1.91 (1.22, 3.0) | 2.20 (0.98, 5.0) |
  3rd quintile (rich) | 647 (93.63) | 44 (6.37) | 1 | 1 |
Leve-1 (individual level) variables | Â | |||
 Age (years) | ||||
  < 20 | 138 (86.79) | 21 (13.21) | 1 | 1 |
  20–29 | 1173 (88.86) | 147 (11.14) | 0.79 (0.46, 1.36) | 0.50 (0.04, 6.27) |
  ≥ 30 | 506 (86.35) | 80 (13.65) | 0.89 (0.5, 1.6) | 0.35 (0.03, 4.67) |
 Ethnicity | ||||
  Berta | 989 (90.32) | 106 (9.68) | 1 | 1 |
  Others | 828 (85.36) | 142 (14.64) | 0.98 (0.58, 1.66) | 0.96 (0.3, 3.12) |
 Woman education level | ||||
  No formal education | 1146 (89.25) | 138 (10.75) | 1 | 1 |
  Primary school | 333 (86.05) | 54 (13.95) | 1.41 (0.95, 2.1) | 1.41 (0.5, 3.97) |
  High school | 180 (83.33) | 36 (16.67) | 1.52 (0.96, 2.43) | 6.12 (1.87, 20.1) |
  Tertiary education | 158 (88.76) | 20 (11.24) | 0.79 (0.45, 1.37) | 0.91 (0.22, 3.77) |
 Partner education level | ||||
  No formal education | 1033 (89.21) | 125 (10.79) | 1 | 1 |
  Primary school | 199 (82.23) | 43 (17.77) | 2.08 (1.32, 3.29) | 1.49 (0.53, 4.16) |
  High school | 245 (88.45) | 32 (11.55) | 0.99 (0.62, 1.61) | 1.44 (0.52, 4.07) |
  Tertiary education | 286 (86.93) | 43 (13.07) | 0.84 (0.54, 1.29) | 0.69 (0.22, 2.22) |
 History of stillbirth | ||||
  No | 1263 (90.15) | 138 (9.85) | 1 | 1 |
  Yes | 130 (76.02) | 41 (23.98) | 3.46 (2.18, 5.5) | 4.2 (1.78, 9.93) |
 Information on MHS | ||||
  No | 150 (81.97) | 33 (18.03) | 1 | 1 |
  Yes | 1667 (88.58) | 215 (11.42) | 0.62 (0.38, 0.99) | 0.93 (0.3, 2.89) |
 Place of delivery for previous delivery | ||||
  Home | 354 (86.76) | 54 (13.24) | 1 | 1 |
  Health post | 322 (91.48) | 30 (8.52) | 0.82 (0.44, 1.51) | 1.19 (0.46, 3.09) |
  Health center | 531 (86.91) | 80 (13.09) | 0.59 (0.37, 0.97) | 1.26 (0.55, 2.89) |
  Hospital | 186 (92.54) | 15 (7.46) | 0.33 (0.16, 0.71) | 0.39 (0.1, 1.55) |
 Availability of MHS | ||||
  No | 103 (83.74) | 20 (16.26) | 1 | 1 |
  Yes | 1714 (88.26) | 228 (11.74) | 0.75 (0.42, 1.34) | 2.76 (0.18, 42.85) |
 Provision of maternal health care for the community | ||||
  No | 115 (80.99) | 27 (19.01) | 1 | 1 |
  Yes | 1702 (88.51) | 221 (11.49) | 0.59 (0.36, 1.0) | 1.1 (0.1, 11.37) |
 Time of 1st ANC initiation | ||||
  1–3 months of GA | 459 (84.84) | 82 (15.16) | 1 | 1 |
  4–6 months of GA | 1223 (92.37) | 101 (7.63) | 0.31 (0.21, 0.46) | 0.38 (0.18, 0.8) |
  After 6 months of GA | 81 (61.83) | 50 (38.17) | 4.16 (2.41, 7.19) | 0.5 (0.11, 2.32) |
 Number of ANC visits | ||||
  < 4 | 523 (85.18) | 91 (14.82) | 1 | 1 |
  ≥ 4 | 1294 (89.18) | 157 (10.82) | 0.69 (0.49, 0.97) | 0.98 (0.42, 2.3) |
 IFA supplementation | ||||
  No | 306 (78.06) | 86 (21.94) | 1 | 1 |
  Yes | 1511 (90.32) | 162 (9.68) | 0.31 (0.22, 0.44) | 0.44 (0.14, 0.98) |
 TT during pregnancy | ||||
  No | 410 (81.03) | 96 (18.97) | 1 | 1 |
  Yes | 1407 (90.25) | 152 (9.75) | 0.41 (0.29, 0.57) | 1.08 (0.41, 2.81) |
 Initiate BF within 1 h | ||||
  No | 303 (71.97) | 118 (28.03) | 1 | 1 |
  Yes | 1514 (92.09) | 130 (7.91) | 0.15 (0.11, 0.22) | 0.22 (0.10, 0.50) |
 Pregnant-related problems during pregnancy | ||||
  No | 1525 (91.37) | 144 (8.63) | 1 | 1 |
  Yes | 292 (73.74) | 104 (26.26) | 3.99 (2.86, 5.60) | 3.29 (1.68, 6.46) |
 Pregnant-related problems during childbirth | ||||
  No | 1641 (92.71) | 129 (7.29) | 1 | 1 |
  Yes | 176 (59.66) | 119 (40.34) | 10.42 (7.27, 14.9) | 6.08 (2.36, 15.48) |
 Husband decision making on health services | ||||
  No | 777 (82.40) | 166 (17.60) | 1 | 1 |
  Yes | 1040 (92.69) | 82 (7.31) | 0.42 (0.29, 0.58) | 0.73 (0.36, 1.48) |
 Duration of labour | ||||
  < 12 h | 1346 (92.38) | 111 (7.62) | 1 | 1 |
  B/n 12–24 h | 369 (80.57) | 89 (19.43) | 3.62 (2.52, 5.19) | 1.21 (0.56, 2.63) |
  > 24 h | 102(68.0) | 48 (32.0) | 6.29 (3.93, 9.96) | 0.73(0.22, 2.34) |
 Pregnant-related problems immediately after delivery | ||||
  No | 1715 (91.86) | 152 (8.14) | 1 | 1 |
  Yes | 102 (51.52) | 96 (48.48) | 12.15 (8.1, 18.31) | 5.24 (2.23, 12.33) |
 Time interval for 1st PNC | ||||
  Within 2 days | 431 (85.52) | 73 (14.48) | 1 | 1 |
  B/n 3–7 days | 682 (90.45) | 72 (9.55) | 0.93 (0.59, 1.45) | 0.68 (0.3, 1.53) |
  B/n 8–42 days | 431 (89.23) | 52 (10.77) | 0.91 (0.5, 1.64) | 0.75 (0.27, 2.04) |
 The time of PMRM before labour | ||||
  ≤ 1 h | 717 (88.08) | 97 (11.92) | 1 | 1 |
  1–12 h | 1002 (88.52) | 130 (11.48) | 1.45 (1.03, 2.03) | 0.76 (0.39, 1.47) |
  > 12 h | 73 (77.66) | 21 (22.34) | 5.37 (2.8, 10.27) | – |
 Bad odor of amniotic fluid | ||||
  No | 1568 (89.14) | 191 (10.86) | 1 | 1 |
  Yes | 249 (81.37) | 57 (18.68) | 2.26 (1.48, 3.46) | 3.04 (1.37, 6.75) |
 Immunized the newborn | ||||
  No | 257 (73.43) | 93 (26.57) | 1 | 1 |
  Yes | 1560 (90.96) | 155 (9.04) | 0.23 (0.16, 0.32) | 0.33 (0.12, 0.93) |