| No supplementation | Sub-optimal supplementation | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | \(B\)a | \(SE\)a | \(Z\) | \(OR\)a | 95% \(CI\)a | \(P\) | \(B\)a | \(SE\)a | \(Z\) | \(OR\) a | 95% \(CI\)a | \(P\) |
Maternal age (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  < 30 vs.  ≥ 30 | 0.61 | 0.40 | 1.51 | 1.83 | 0.83–4.02 | 0.132 | 0.60 | 0.33 | 1.82 | 1.82 | 0.95–3.48 | 0.069 |
Paternal age (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  < 30 vs.  ≥ 30 | 0.11 | 0.39 | 0.27 | 1.11 | 0.52–2.39 | 0.789 | − 0.23 | 0.33 | − 0.70 | 0.79 | 0.41–1.52 | 0.483 |
Family SES | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 G2 vs. G1 | 0.15 | 0.44 | 0.33 | 1.16 | 0.49–2.73 | 0.740 | − 0.34 | 0.31 | − 1.12 | 0.71 | 0.39–1.30 | 0.265 |
 G3 vs. G1 | 0.39 | 0.53 | 0.73 | 1.48 | 0.52–4.21 | 0.465 | − 0.13 | 0.42 | − 0.33 | 0.88 | 0.40–1.93 | 0.743 |
 G4 vs. G1 | 1.47 | 0.46 | 3.44 | 4.36 | 1.79–10.64 | 0.001 | 0.11 | 0.37 | 0.30 | 1.12 | 0.54–2.29 | 0.766 |
Previous pregnancy complication | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No vs. Yes | 0.71 | 0.41 | 1.73 | 2.03 | 0.91–4.52 | 0.084 | 0.59 | 0.30 | 1.94 | 1.80 | 0.99–3.28 | 0.053 |
Utilization of pre-conception health care | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No vs. Yes | 0.90 | 0.32 | 2.85 | 2.47 | 1.33–4.61 | 0.004 | 1.07 | 0.25 | 4.27 | 2.94 | 1.79–4.82 |  < 0.001 |
Utilization of antenatal care | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No vs Yes | 1.40 | 0.43 | 3.28 | 4.05 | 1.76–9.34 | 0.001 | 0.00 | 0.43 | 1.00 | 1.80 | 0.43–2.32 | 1.000 |